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Youtube:为什么吃蒜后口气不好
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What Causes Garlic Breath
为什么吃蒜后口气不好
This week on Reactions, we’re talking garlic.
本周，我们一起来探讨一下大蒜的话题。
Hey, it’s good for your taste buds and good for your body, but you’ve got to wonder,how can something that adds such a brilliant flavor to food leave you with such bad breath after you eat it? Our buddies over at Compound Interest have some answers for us, so sit back, get peeling, and get ready for some hard chemistry facts about garlic.
大蒜让你味蕾大开，有益身体，但是你或许会想，大蒜可以让食物如此美味，为什么吃过大蒜之后会在嘴里留下这么难闻的味道？我们Compound Interest的伙计们为我们带来了答案。所以，请坐好，给大蒜剥皮，然后准备了解与大蒜有关的一些化学知识。
Garlic contains four major volatile organic compounds that are responsible for that notorious garlic breath. Interestingly enough,none of these compounds are present in garlic until it’s crushed or chopped.
大蒜中含有四种主要的易挥发的有机化合物，导致令人讨厌的口气。有趣的是，这些化合物原本并不存在于大蒜中，直到压碎或切碎后才会出现。
When garlic’s structure is damaged,enzymes convert the compound allin to allicin – the compound responsible for garlic’s distinct smell. Allicin is then broken down into the four compounds that were just mentioned.
当大蒜的结构被破坏后，酶会把化合物蒜苷转化为蒜素——这种化合物就是大蒜有着独特的味道的原因。Allicin随后被分解为上述提到的四种化合物。
Once you take your first bite, the allyl methyl sulfide compound is broken down in the body much slower than the rest of the gang, so it’s mostly responsible for your garlic breath.
当你吃第一口的时候，丙烯基甲基硫醚在人体内的分解速度远远低于其他几种，所以它是导致糟糕口气的元凶。
This compound is then passed into your bloodstream and organs, and is excreted when you sweat, breathe, and when you have to pee. But hey, if you’re worried about garlic breath,try eating some parsley or drinking milk.
然后，这种化合物被传送至血液和器官，当你出汗，呼吸或者放屁的时候就会排泄出来。但是，如果你担心吃大蒜后口气糟糕，可以吃一些西芹或喝一点牛奶。
These two foods are actually known to reduce garlic breath!
这两种食物可以缓解大蒜的味道。
There’s also more to garlic than its delicious flavor and accompanying bad breath.
大蒜除了美味和糟糕的口气之外还有许多你不知道的知识。
You may have heard people tell that you garlic is good for you health.
你或许听人说过，大蒜对身体健康有益。
Well they’re right!Garlic carries antibacterial properties,and three compounds in particular do the dirty work: Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide,and diallyl trisulfide.
是的，他们说的是对的。大蒜中含有抗菌成分，其中三种化合物功不可没：二烯丙基硫醚，二烯丙基二硫醚和二烯丙基三硫醚。
Sulfur-containing organic compounds like these can penetrate the cell membranes of bacteria cells, and combine with certain enzymes or proteins to alter their structure,which ultimately damages the cells. Also, along with these organosulfur bacterial assassins,allicin has similar antibacterial properties.
这些含硫有机化合物可以穿透细菌细胞的细胞膜，与特定的酶和蛋白质结合改变其结构，最终破坏细胞。同样，除了这些硫细菌杀手之外，蒜素也有类似的抗菌功效。
CCTV9:屠呦呦获诺奖促进中国科学研究
Tu Youyou's win boosts China TCM research
屠呦呦获诺奖促进中国科学研究
Traditional Chinese medicine is an age-old healing system used to treat almost everything from arthritis to depression. It's long been a source of controversy both in China and abroad. It is a science or philosophy? A milestone in the international recognition of TCM came when Tu Youyou won a Nobel Prize for her discovery of a medicinal herb to treat malaria.
Zheng Xikang is on a mission to find a cure for arthritis. He’s been looking to the Chinese herb hotopterygium incisum, or Qianghuo in Chinese, for possible answers.
"I study the roots and rhizome of qianghuo. In traditional Chinese medicine, it’s used for symptoms from rheumatoid arthritis and joint aches. What I’m trying to do is to isolate its effective component to explain its medical properties," he said.
But traditional Chinese medicine has been wrought with controversy, with some scholars, both at home and abroad arguing that it’s a pseudoscience that should be eliminated from public health care and academia.
Zheng Xikang doesn’t know what his research will lead to. But he has just been given a fresh dose of inspiration.
"The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute has today awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with one half… to Tu Youyou for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria," he said.
The therapy is artemisinin, an anti-malarial agent drawn from a wormwood herb called Artemisia annual.
"I think this is very encouraging for us, because it shows the doctrines of Chinese medicine actually make sense. Although there are many things we still can’t explain, we can search for answers based on our ancient medical tradition," Zheng said.
But international recognition of traditional Chinese medicine remains daunting. Its complex biological interactive system is often puzzling for researchers, and its cosmological notions such as the yin and yang have proven difficult even for the domestic public.
But that's slowly changing, as modern methods are being increasingly adopted in TCM research.
"Tradition is our source of inspiration, and modern technology takes it further. They don't go against each other. They go hand in hand with each other," said Zhao Haiyu, Assoc. Professor, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
"We use modern technology to isolate the components, in order to find the effective ingredient. This is how artemisinin was discovered. We can also use modern methods to find out why our ancestors used these medicines, to understand this traditional medical system," said Shen Jianying, Assoc. Professor, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences.
Looking at the wisdom of the past, researchers hope to solve medical problems of the present.
CCTV9视频:美英国防部长讨论叙利亚问题
US and UK defense chiefs discuss Syria
美英国防部长讨论叙利亚问题
US Secretary of Defense Ash Carter has discussed Middle East issues, including the Syria crisis with his UK counterpart Michael Fallon in London. Carter said that Russia's actions in Syria are a danger to the region and to Russia itself. He also said Washington is set to overhaul its strategy in Syria.
Yet another call by the United States for the Kremlin to rethink its Middle East strategy... US defense chief Ash Carter described Russia's recent actions in Syria as "illogical and self-defeating", and urged the Kremlin to instead push for a political solution in the region.
Meanwhile, Carter said the United States is looking to adjust its failed strategy against Islamic State in Syria. He said US President Barack Obama has approved numerous changes to the Pentagon's military training program for Syrian rebels, and the President would speak on the matter within hours.
"We have been looking now for several weeks at ways to improve that programme. I wasn't satisfied with early efforts in that regard and so we are looking at different ways to achieve basically the same kind of strategic objective, which is the right one, which is to enable capable motivated forces on the ground to retake territory from ISIL and reclaim Syrian territory from extremism," Carter said.
Carter said the work that the US has done with the Kurds in northern Syria could be example of an effective approach, which would be pursued with other groups in other parts of Syria.
British Defence Secretary Michael Fallon claimed that Russia had been carrying out "indiscriminate bombing of areas that are nothing to do with ISIL at all."
He claimed that the Russian intervention in Syria would change nothing and that his government would continue to make the case for support for military actions in northeast Syria where the Islamic State group is headquartered.
