小编导读：《前出师表》是三国时期蜀汉丞相诸葛亮在北伐中原之前给后主刘禅上书的表文，阐述了北伐的必要性以及对后主刘禅治国寄予的期望，言辞恳切，写出了诸葛亮的一片忠诚之心。这篇表文以议论为主，兼用记叙和抒情。

诸葛亮 《前出师表》

臣亮言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂。今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内；忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费依、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所也。亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也！侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞亮死节之臣，愿陛下亲之信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，谘臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明。故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，甲兵已足，当奖帅三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允等之任也。愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵；若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之咎，以彰其慢。陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激！

今当远离，临表涕泣，不知所云。

Chu-Ko Kung-ming's Second Memorial to the Throne on his Expedition

I, your humblesubject Zhuge Liang, have this to say: The late Emperor had by far not yetattained his objective of restoring the Han Dynasty before he deceased halfwayin his career. Now the country is divided into three camps, and Yizhou hasexhausted it resources. It is indeed a critical moment when survival is atstake. However, the royal guards keep vigilant at court while the loyalsoldiers with high aim fight selflessly on the battlefield, because they bearin mind the late Emperor’s special grace, wishing to repay it to Your Majesty.It would be most judicious that you give more open-minded hearing to yourcounselors, so as to aggrandize his legacy of noble virtues and heighten thearmymen’s morale. In the meantime, it would be inadvisable to strain yourmodesty or make inapt remarks, thus blocking faithful remonstrances.

The court andthe chancellery are one entity. No difference should be made between them inrespect of promoting and commending the good or punishing and criticizing theevil. Those who are guilty of misconduct or creditable for devotion and noblecharacter should be referred to the authorities to be penalized or awarded ontheir merits, so as to manifest Your Majesty’s justice and perspicacity. Itwould be inappropriate to show partiality and make distinction betweenregulations inside and outside the court.

Ministers suchas Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun, having integrity and probity as well asfaith in our cause and purity of mind, were selected by the late Emperor to beused by Your Majesty. I think that they should be consulted on all courtaffairs, be they great or small, before they are put into execution. This willcertainly be conducive to making up for loopholes and defects in our work andto effecting greater successes. General Xiang Chong, a man of good nature, wellversed in tactics, formerly used on probation and considered by the lateEmperor as capable, has been recommended by all to be the MilitarySuperintendent. In my humble opinion, he should be consulted on all mattersconcerning the army, be they great or small. This will surely contribute to theharmony in the army and to putting both the superior and the indifferent peoplein their proper places.

To be close tovirtuous courtiers and alien to knavish ones was what made the Earlier HanDynasty strong and prosperous, while to be close to knavish courtiers and aliento virtuous ones was what made the Latter Han Dynasty collapse. When the lateEmperor was still alive, he did not fail to sign with regret and bear a bittergrudge against Emperors Huan and Ling every time he discussed this history withme. Ministers such as Chen Zhen, Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan are all constant andloyal subjects. It is hoped that Your Majesty will hold them dear and trustthem. In that case, the revival of the Han Dynasty can be expected in the nearestfuture.

I was originallya commoner, tilling my land in Nanyang, trying merely to survive in thetroublous times, not seeking to be known to the nobility. The late Emperor,disregarding my humble birth and low position, condescended to pay me three visitsin my thatched cottage, consulting me on contemporary issues. I was thereforevery grateful to him and promised him my whole-hearted service. Later our armysuffered a disastrous defeat, I was appointed as envoy to Wu at the time of thedebacle, and was installed in office at a moment of great peril andtribulation. Since then twenty one years have elapsed. Knowing my prudence, thelate Emperor entrusted me with that task of great consequence upon his demise.Being thus committed, I have often worried at night, fearing lest I should failto live up to the trust, reflecting discredit upon His Majesty’s sagacity.Consequently, I led the troops to cross the River Lu in the fifth month,penetrating into the depth of the barren land. Now that the southern territoryis stabilized and armaments are sufficient, it is high time to reward the army,so as to march north and recover the central part of the country. I wish that Imight exhaust my mediocre ability in extirpating the treacherous malefactorsand restoring the Han Dynasty with a triumphant re-entry into the lost capital.This is what I should do to repay the kindness of the late Emperor and toperform my duty to Your Majesty. As for handling matters with discretion andweighing advantages and disadvantages as well as making faithful remonstrances,they are the concern of Guo, Fei and Dong. I beg Your Majesty to enjoin upon methe success of the expedition and the revival of the Han Dynasty. Should Ifail, then call me to task and have me duly punished, so as to solace the soulof the late Emperor. In the absence of outspoken suggestions regarding theadvancement of virtues and morality, Guo, Fei and Dong are to be corrected andto have their fault of remissness made known to everybody.

It would be wisethat Your Majesty also give more consideration to State affairs, soliciting thegood opinions on conducting the government and accepting with discernment otherpeople’s views, so as to realize the late Emperor’s wish as expressed in histestament. I shall be most grateful to you for your kindness. Upon my departureto a remote region, I cannot help shedding tears while writing this memorial,not quite clear myself on what I have herein related.

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