In the late 1600s, the Yemeni monopoly on coffee production broke down
在17世纪末，也门咖啡生产的垄断被打破，
and coffee production started to spread around the world, helped by European colonisation.
咖啡生产因为欧洲的殖民开始在全世界蔓延。
Europeans set up coffee plantations in Indonesia and the Caribbean and production of coffee in the colonies skyrocketed.
欧洲人在印度尼西亚和加勒比地区建立了咖啡种植园，殖民地的咖啡产量激增。
Different types of coffee were produced in different areas,
不同地区生产了不同种类的咖啡，
and it's interesting that the names given to these different types,
有趣的是，这些不同种类咖啡的名字，比如说摩卡咖啡和爪哇咖啡，
like Mocha or Java coffee, were often taken from the port they were shipped to Europe from.
通常是以它们被运去欧洲的那个港口命名的。
But if you look at the labour system in the different colonies, there were some significant differences.
但是如果你看一下不同殖民的的劳工系统，就会发现有一些非常重要的区别。
In Brazil and the various Caribbean colonies, coffee was grown in huge plantations and the workers there were almost all slaves.
在巴西和许多加勒比殖民地，咖啡生长在巨大的植物上，工人基本上都是奴隶。
But this wasn't the same in all colonies; for example in Java, which had been colonised by the Dutch,
但是并不是所有的殖民地都是这样的，比如说在爪哇，那里是荷兰殖民地，
the peasants grew coffee and passed a proportion of this on to the Dutch, so it was used as a means of taxation.
农民生产咖啡，而且把其中的一部分输送到荷兰，所以它是用做税收。
But whatever system was used, under the European powers of the eighteenth century,
但是无论使用了什么系统，在十八世纪欧洲的权力统治下，
coffee production was very closely linked to colonisation.
咖啡生产基本上是和殖民联系紧密。
Coffee was grown in ever-increasing quantities to satisfy the growing demand from Europe,
咖啡产量持续增高来满足欧洲持续增长的要求，
and it became nearly as important as sugar production, which was grown under very similar conditions.
而且它基本上成为了和糖同样重要的东西，而糖的生长状况和咖啡差不多。
However, coffee prices were not yet low enough for people to drink it regularly at home,
然而，咖啡价格太高了，不适合人们在家里日常饮用，
so most coffee consumption still took place in public coffee houses and it still remained something of a luxury item.
所以大多数咖啡都是在公共咖啡屋消费的，所以它还是一种奢侈品。
In Britain, however, a new drink was introduced from China, and started to become popular,
但是在英国，一种新的饮品从中国引入，然后开始流行起来，
gradually taking over from coffee, although at first it was so expensive that only the upper classes could afford it.
逐渐取代了咖啡的地位，尽管刚开始的时候它的价格太贵，只有上层阶级才能够买得起。
This was tea, and by the late 1700s it was being widely drunk.
这就是茶，在18世纪，它得到广泛的饮用。
However, when the USA gained independence from Britain in 1776.
然而，当美国1776年从英国独立的时候，
they identified this drink with Britain, and coffee remained the preferred drink in the USA, as it still is today.
他们把这种饮品和英国联系起来，咖啡仍然是美国人最喜欢的饮品，到现在一直是。
So, by the early nineteenth century, coffee was already being widely produced and consumed.
所以，到十九世纪早期，咖啡已经广泛生产和消费。
But during this century, production boomed and coffee prices started to fall.
但是在那个世纪，生产激增，咖啡价格开始下降。
This was partly because new types of transportation had been developed which were cheaper and more efficient.
有一部分原因是因为新型交通工具的发展，变得越来越便宜和高效。
So now, working people could afford to buy coffee -- it wasn't just a drink for the middle classes.
所以现在，工薪阶层开始能够买得起咖啡，它不再只是中产阶级的饮品。
And this was at a time when large parts of Europe were starting to work in industries.
当时也是很多英国人开始在工厂工作的时间。
And sometimes this meant their work didn't stop when it got dark: they might have to continue throughout the night.
有时这就意味着他们到天黑工作都不会停止，他们可能要彻夜工作。
So, the use of coffee as a stimulant became important -- it wasn't just a drink people drank in the morning, for breakfast.
所以咖啡作为兴奋剂的使用非常重要--它不只是早晨人们作为早餐要喝的东西。
There were also changes in cultivation...
在种植方面也有一些变化...