※ 主题思路：

在美国随着技术的进步prang这个人制作了很多画作的复制品，一些人批评这个人，但是Paron认为复制品是对原画作有好处的

※ 段落大意：

P1:一种叫做starling的鸟十分厉害，音域很宽(compass)，甚至可以模仿人类的声音。但是对其的研究很少。(題目竟然考到了，paraphrase一下)。因为研究这种鸟的习性很麻烦，各种声音，需要各种记录，各种分析，要大范围长时间地研究。

P2：不过现在科学家发现可以从starling mimic不同voice来研究它们的生活和social。在这个实验中，这种鸟被分为了好几组，有一些和人有接触多，有的和人接触少，有一些和人无接触(有题，问哪一个不是这个实验的特征，选“鸟儿和人们有很多对话”，鸟儿虽然和人有接触但是无语言交流)，而且不以食物为奖励来鼓励鸟儿学人说话。实验就发现，鸟儿很厉害，可以模仿人类讲话甚至可以模仿各种腔调。发现这是一种鸟的social 的一种方式。

而且和人们有更多接触的鸟儿们更爱显摆inference就是鸟儿对于周围的环境很有interest。

P3：这种鸟从小为了得到食物就开始模仿父母和附近“邻居”(这里是不是邻居我不确定，但这里有考题，就是问小鸟为了成长是怎样做的，我选了通过模仿父母和“邻居”的声音)。有利于进化之类。在野外他们是模仿他们的parents and siblings.得出一个结论，八哥小時候就开始接受家庭的音乐熏陶了(有題)。

※ 题目： 还有一些细节题直接标在细节出现处

Q1主旨题：

describe an experimentresearching a phenomenon(我选的，还有一個选项比較模糊，建议大家再看看)

Q2:如果下面哪个成立，說明这个实验沒道理?

在幼鸟即使在人一句话都沒说的那组，一样能学会发音。

Q3:在wild的情況，幼鸟如何vocalize.

答：学习的parents and sibling

Q4:为什么科学研究会少?

答：(1)因为flockand vocalize too much, too frequently

(2)因为需要大范围，长时间的研究，而这通常做不到。然后说现在通过实验可以做到

Q5: 问以下哪一种情况可以用来削弱starling这种鸟跟人学说话的事实，

LZ选的答案是starling依然会以一种方式说话，虽然它的守护者不是以这种方式说话的。

(疑似)原文未缩减gitarrelieber

节选自Social influences on vocaldevelopment (@ Cambridge University Press 1997)

Author: Charles T. Snowdon,Martine Hausberger

The vocal talent of starlings hasbeen known since antiquity, when Pliny considered their ability to mimic humanspeech noteworthy. Ornithologists know that this species possesses a richrepertoire of call and songs, composed of whistles, clicks, snarls, andscreeches. In addition, starlings are well known for their ability to mimic thesounds of other animals or even mechanical noises. Descriptions of starlingsong in the past reflect the difficulty of describing all the variety of soundsincluded. Witherby mentioned a “lively rambling melody of throaty warbling,chiring, clicking and gurgling notes interspersed with musical whistles andpervaded by a peculiar creaking quality.”

This complexity explains whydetailed studies of starling song have delayed long after the arrival of thesound spectrograph. As mentioned by West & King, “the problem withstarlings is that they vocalized too much, too often and in too great numbers,sometimes in choruses numbering in the thousands. Even the seemingly elementarystep of creating an accurate catalogue of the vocal repertoire of wildstarlings is an intimidating task because of the variety of their sounds.”

Chaiken have compared the sons ofyoung males raised in different social conditions: either with a wild-caughtadult song tutor, individually housed but tape-tutored by a tape-recording orraised in total isolation. All birds had been taken from the nest at an earlyage (8-10 days) and were hand raised. Untutored birds produced mostly anabnormal song, where even the basic organization of song was missing. Incontrast, both tape- and live-tutored birds developed songs with a normal basicorganization, but with some syntactical abnormalities for the tape-tutoredbirds. Tape-tutored birds had repertoires half as large as those oflive-tutored birds. Large differences occurred between both groups of birds intheir …