三段式作文法

　　重点诠释：

　　所谓三段式就是将一篇书面表达按三段的写作模式谋篇布局。就整体篇章结构而言，如何把握较大的写作空间，三段式的写作模式为最佳选择。三段式的模式写法通常为：

　　1．第一段开门见山，提出要解决的问题或观点，或者把时间，地点，人物和主要事件及时点出。

　　2．第二段要摆出事实或提出论据，或者把事情发展的经过详细写出来。

　　3．最后一段，得出结论或理由。

　　注意：要学会使用过渡词。过渡词犹如“桥梁”和“粘合剂 ”。恰当地使用过渡词可避免结构松散，层次分明，表意不清等弊端，使文章条理清楚，文字连贯流畅。常用的过渡词有：

　　递进型： also, (and)besides, what’s more, moreover, furthermore, in addition, even, what’s worse, worse still, to make matters worse, for the worse, not only…but also等；

　　解释型：that is (to say), in other words, or, namely, if fact, in reality, as a matter of fact等；

　　转折型：however, but, yet, nevertheless, instead, on the contrary,on the other hand 等；

　　列举型：firstly…secondly…finally, on the one hand, on the other hand, for one thing, for another 等

　　举例型：for example, for instance, such as, that is, like, take… for example等；

　　因果型：because (of), since, now that, thanks to, due to; thus, therefore, as a result (consequence),so… that, so that等；

　　让步型：though, although, in spite of, despite 等；

　　顺序型：first…next…and then…finally, first…then…after that…finally 等；

　　并列型：and, both…and, or, either…or, as well as, 等

　　时间型：afterwards, soon, later, the moment/ immediately/ on doing, hardly…when, no sooner…than 等

　　总结型：in a word, to sum up, in short, on the whole, in conclusion 等

　　见解型：in my opinion, personally speaking, as far as I am concerned,I’m sure 等

　　条件型：if, as long as, so long as, on condition that , unless 等

　　写作典例：

　　假设你是李越，你的加拿大笔友Steve来信说，他和他的一些同学正在学中文，请你推荐两本学中文的词典。根据下表提供的信息，请你给他写一封回信。

　　注意：

　　1. 词数：100左右；

　　2．参考词汇：推荐recommend; 英汉词典The English-Chinese Dictionary (ECE);

　　新华字典 Xinhua Dictionary (XD)

　　Dear Steve,

　　_________________________________________________

　　_________________________________________________

　　Yours

　　Li Yue

　　分析：此篇书面表达属于实物说明文，其篇章结构可按三段式进行写作。本文的第一段，可用直接的叙述“I’m so pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese”.正文即可作为第二段，其主要内容是对两本词典的一些介绍。结束语即可作为第三段。应将两本词典的特点表达准确，以便加拿大笔友Steve作出合理选择。表达时，文章的基本时态可考虑用一般现在时范文：

　　Dear Steve,

　　I’m so pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese.

　　I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries.The English-Chinese Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words, besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary fo 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECD is more expensive. It costs 52 yuan,and XD costs 11 yuan.

　　Please let me know if you want me to buy one for you.

　　Yours,

　　Li Yue

　　4．最近，网上展开一场关于“教科书是否要循环使用”的辩论。假如你是Li Hua,请你向报社写信谈谈你自己的一些想法。要点如下：

　　（1）据说我国的教科书寿命一般是半年，而美国则是五年。这说明浪费严重；

　　（2）我国有两亿两千万学生，每年要用三十亿本教科书，这就需要消耗一千一百万棵树木。如果将教科书的寿命在延长一年的话，那么将节省好多树木；

　　（3）许多贫困家庭的学生买不起教科书，如果将不用的教科书赠给他们岂不是更好？

　　（4）你的看法（至少两点）。

　　要求：

　　（1）语句通顺，结构合理；

　　（2）开头和结尾已给出，不记入总词数（字数：150左右）

　　（3）参考词汇：lifespan 寿命

　　Dear Editor,

　　Recently there has been an argument about the reuse of textbooks on the internet.

　　_________________________________________________

　　_________________________________________________

　　Yours truly,

　　Li Hua

　　One possible version:

　　Dear Editor,

　　Recently there has been an argument about the reuse of textbooks on the internet.I am writing to talk about it.

　　As we all know, the average lifespan of a copy of a textbook is only half a year in our country while in America it is five years or so, which shows we waste too much. There are 220 million students consuming 3 billion textbooks each year, so about 11 million trees are needed to produce them! If the lifespan of textbooks could be extended for one more year, a large number of trees could be saved each year. In addition, many children from poor families can’t afford textbooks. Will it be good if we can afford them to reuse the books?

　　So I suggest that all of us should encourage students to take care of their textbooks, and not only does it do good to us but also to nature. At the same time, this can also help us develop awareness of thriftiness.

　　5．2008上海高考英语卷写作题：

　　你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group dancing competition）,班长希望大家积极参与。对此谈谈你的看法。

　　你的文章必须包括以下内容：

　　1. 你是否会参加比赛；

　　2. 你做出该决定的具体理由。

　　Version 1:

　　A group dancing competition will be held in our school and the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in it. While most of my classmates are still hesitating whether to participate, I have said yes to our monitor with great pleasure.

　　Generally speaking, there are two reasons for my decision. First, it is a good opportunity for me to relax myself, which will enable me to study more efficiently. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, so goes the saying, which clearly shows us the importance of relaxation. Besides, I think I am a good dancer after learning dance for more than five years. Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancing skills and make some contributions to the class.

　　For the two reasons mentioned above, it is no surprise that I have such a strong enthusiasm on the group dancing competition.

　　Version 2:

　　Today the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in the group dancing competition which will be held in a couple of days in our school. But after some careful consideration, I have decided not to participate.

　　There are a number of reasons for my decision. First and foremost, as the College Entrance Exam is just around the corner, study is the top priority for me. Participating in the group dancing competition has to give way because it might take me too much time. What’s more, without any experience of dancing, I don’t think I can be a good dancing partner. I am afraid my poor dancing skills will probably spoil the performance of the whole class. In this case, it’s better for me to be a spectator cheering for my classmates.

　　For these reasons, it seems more appropriate for me to watch the competition than to dance myself.

　　从写作方法来说，考生可以根据高考议论文写作的一般思路将整个文章分为三段来写。

　　第一段是引言段，引出两点：topic和thesis.Topic就是文章的话题，在这篇文章中就是集体舞比赛这个事情。而thesis就是指全文的中心内容，在本文中就是自己是否参加比赛。注意英语写作需要开门见山地引出主题。有些考生到全文结尾的时候才表明自己参加或不参加的态度就是不对的，必须在开头就表明自己是否参加这个比赛，然后再论述理由。例如在例文中，A group dancing competition will be held in our school and the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in it.或者Today the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in the group dancing competition which will be held in a couple of days in our school.都是用来引出topic的句子。而引出thesis的句子则是While most of my classmates are still hesitating whether to participate, I have said yes to our monitor with great pleasure.或者But after some careful consideration, I have decided not to participate.

　　第二段是论证段，也是全文的重心所在，主要是讲述自己的理由，即为什么参加或者不参加这个比赛。一般来说，对于一篇120－150words的文章来说，只要写两个理由就够了，每个理由之后都有一个进一步的细节阐述，这样整体的字数就差不多达标了。例如，在论述自己参加比赛的原因时，范文中写了两点：1.可以放松自己；2.可以展示自己的舞蹈水平并为班级做贡献。每个观点又都有自己的支撑句，例如对于“放松自己”的支撑句就是用一个谚语来引出relaxation的重要性。而对于“展示自己的才华”，支撑句是自己学舞蹈学了五年以上并且舞蹈技艺很好。第一个分论点的论证方式是先提出总的观点，再进行论证，是演绎法的推理。第二个分论点的论证方式是先有理由，再有观点，是归纳法的推理。

　　最后一段是总结段，本题目在总结段的时候可以写的稍微简洁一点，例如以上两篇范文，最后的结尾都很简单，能够总结全文的中心即可。