白易礼：大学英语四级考试语法笔记78
日期:2008-11-01 22:32
(单词翻译:单击)
我去过伦敦，那是个美丽的城市。
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父亲是个很和善的老头，我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活过五年。
在以上三例当中，定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句，其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
通过这几个例子我们可以看出，专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要对其进行限定。另外，非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。
如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation，即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作，就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语，或根据汉语的译文，再把汉语翻译成英语，再把英语译文同原文比较，分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构，是两个并列的分句，但没有连词(this 是代词)，这就成了串句。
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字，而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也没说，这使她很生气。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
没去看演出，这很遗憾。
下面看看各个关系词的用法：
1.指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：
(1)作主语(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1：30在大门口集合。
在本句中，先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：
The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时，不能用that，也不能省略，
如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.
你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上头两句可改为：
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?
Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父亲是个很和善的老头，我很尊重他。
Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活过五年。
在以上三例当中，定语从句不就能是限定性的。若变成限定性定语从句，其意就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
通过这几个例子我们可以看出，专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限定性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要对其进行限定。另外，非限定性定语从句的先行词还可以是整个主句所表达的意义。
如：He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
(学地道的英语有两个重要的练习方法：parallel writing, and reverse translation，即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作，就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语，或根据汉语的译文，再把汉语翻译成英语，再把英语译文同原文比较，分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。)
He did well in the physics exam, which surprised me.
他物理考得很好，这使我很吃惊。
请把这句话逆翻译。有的同学会翻译为：He did well in the physics exam, this surprised me. 这句话错在什么地方呢?错在句法。这句话有两个主谓结构，是两个并列的分句，但没有连词(this 是代词)，这就成了串句。
再如：He’s very particular about wording, which I am not.
他很咬文嚼字，而我不。
I said nothing, which made her angry.
我什么也没说，这使她很生气。
Tom didn’t go to the show, which was a pity.
没去看演出，这很遗憾。
下面看看各个关系词的用法：
1.指人的关系代词：who, whom, whose, that 的用法：
(1)作主语(who, that )
Those who are going to play in the match are to meet at the gate at 1:30 after lunch.
那些参加比赛的人午饭后1：30在大门口集合。
在本句中，先行词是those;关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词are going to play 的主语。
The man who/that is talking with Mr. Wang is a famous doctor.
正在和王先生说话的那个人是一个有名的医生。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词who/that引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词is talking的主语。
这个复合句可以还原成两个句子：
The man is a famous doctor. He is talking with Mr. Wang.
(2)作宾语包括作介词宾语(whom, that )。此种情况下的关系代词可以省略;
This is just the man(whom/that) I want for the job.这正是我要的做这份工作的人。
在本句中，先行词是the man;关系代词whom/that 引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担任动词want 的宾语。
Is he the manager (whom/that) you are looking for?
他是你在找的那位经理吗?
(3)当关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语时，不能用that，也不能省略，
如：The book from which I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist.
我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。
Who is the boy with whom you were talking a moment ago.
你刚才和他说话的那个男孩是谁?
I know the young couple from whose house the music is coming.
但是当介词放在从句末尾时，作为介词宾语的关系代词可以用that 并且可以省略。
如上头两句可改为：
The book (that /which) I got a lot of information from was written by a famous scientist.
Who is the boy (that/whom) you were talking with a moment ago?
重点单词
