(单词翻译:单击)
Recent set of controversies has to do with the funding by the federal government about research that mixes human and animal genetic materials, sometimes called chimeras, but there's actually a broader group.
最近的一系列争议与联邦政府资助混合人和动物的遗传物质（有时候也叫嵌合体）的研究有关，但其实它所涉及到的群体更为广泛。
So again, the method is to think about a large number of cases.
这种方法会考虑到大量情况。
It's helpful to think about very different cases.
考虑一些非常不同的情况是有意义的。
So, to use some real cases, imagine you mixed human brain cells, so human brain stem cells in the embryonic stage, into a mouse to create a mouse with a humanized brain.
举一些真实的例子，假如把人类的脑细胞，也就是胚胎阶段的人类的大脑干细胞，混合到一只老鼠的脑细胞中，创造出一只有人类大脑的老鼠。
Now, it wouldn't be a human brain. It's not exactly the same.
那就不是人脑了。其实还不太一样。
It's much smaller, for example, but has humanized elements.
比如，它要小得多，但带有人性化的元素。
Another example is a humanized immune system.
另一个例子是人化的免疫系统。
Take a mouse, and we do this, we have these at Harvard for example, and created an immune system in order to test drugs.
比如我们在哈佛就会做这种事情，拿一只老鼠，给它创造一种免疫系统来测试药物。
Think about HIV, for example, that was humanized.
举个例子，艾滋病毒是一种人化的病毒。
So not the brain, but just the immune system was very human-like.
所以我们不需要它的大脑，只要让它的免疫系统非常像人类就行了。
And last example is actually heart valve replacements.
最后一个例子是心脏瓣膜置换。
So Jesse Helms, the Senator, had a pig valve placement years ago, so there's a piece of an animal in him.
参议员杰西·赫尔姆斯，几年前植入了猪的心脏瓣膜，所以他体内有一部分动物的器官。
So these are some real cases of different kinds of mixing and the question is which are okay, which are not okay, why can we generate some principles?
这些都是不同物种基因混合的实例，问题是哪些是正确的，哪些是错误的，我们又为什么能得出一些原理?
So what might be wrong with mixing human and animal parts?
把人和动物的基因混合在一起，哪里可能会出问题呢？
So one thing that might be wrong is that we think it will confuse the boundaries between humans and animals, that right now we have a pretty clear distinction.
有一件事可能会出问题，那就是我们认为这么做会混淆人类和动物之间的界限，目前人畜之分非常清晰。
While many people love their dogs and their cats like members of the family, they are able to say this is not a member of my family.
虽然很多人像爱家人一样爱他们的狗和猫，但他们还是可以说猫狗不是我家庭的一分子。
This is not a member that has the same rights as my family member.
它不会像我的家人一样拥有那么多权利。
In a world where we had a much more of a continuum between animals and human beings, those distinctions would become difficult.
在一个人类和动物之间有更多连续统一体的世界里，这些区分会变得很难。
Now, just because they become difficult doesn't mean that that's wrong.
但是，变难并不意味着那就是错误的。
It would just pose for us a new problem and maybe it would illustrate a problem we should be thinking about altogether.
它只会给我们带来一个新问题，也许还能解释清楚一个我们应该认真思考的问题。
So I'm not particularly sympathetic to that argument.
所以我不是特别赞同这个观点。
Different argument though is to say human beings are particular kinds of beings with particular kinds of capacities and there's a dignity to being human being.
但另一种观点认为人类是一种特殊的生物，拥有特殊的能力，生而为人是有尊严的。
And if we were to mix enough animal material into a human being, the thing that we would have would not be something new, but it would be a human being that could not flourish as a human being.
如果我们把过多的动物基因混合到人类身上，所产生的东西并不是新东西，而是一个不能像人类一样蓬勃发展的人。
It would be an undignified human being, a kind of entity that is one that really is unable to really experience what it is to be human.
那将是一个没有尊严的人，是一种无法真正体验作为人类是什么感觉的实体。
Now, again, you might push on this and say, well, yes, that's true, they would not be a human being and they would not necessarily have all the capacities of a human being.
现在又是这个问题，你可能会说，是的，没错，他们不是人，他们不一定有人类所具备的能力。
So imagine having some of the capacities of a human being, but being stuck in a rat body, for example.
想象一下，假如你拥有一些人类的能力，却被困在老鼠的身体里。
Sure, there'd be ways in which you would not flourish as a human being, but why not think of you as flourishing as a new kind of entity?
当然，作为人来说，你可能无法在某些方面茁壮成长，但你为什么不把自己想象成一个全新的实体呢?
And in particular you might actually think there might be an obligation to create some kinds of chimeras.
尤其是你可能会觉得创造某种嵌合体是你的义务。
So if, for example, we think of Big Bird from Sesame Street, sounds like a silly example, but it's a good one.
举个例子，想想《芝麻街》里的大鸟，听起来有点傻，但这是一个很好的例子。
Big Bird talks, Big Bird has friends, Big Bird goes to school, been in school a long time on Sesame Street, I guess, but he seems to have a pretty good life.
大鸟会说话，大鸟有朋友，大鸟去上学，它在芝麻街上学很久了，不过它的生活看起来很不错。
Imagine we could take regular birds and turn them into big birds by doing something to them.
想象一下，如果我们可以对普通的鸟做一些事情，把它们变成大鸟。
Would we think of that as improving a little bird's life or would we think about that as hurting a human being’s life through this mixture?
我们会觉得这是改善了一只小鸟的生活，还是觉得这种混合伤害了人类的生活呢?
Hard questions, but at least it might be possible that we think we're doing animals a favor by doing this.
这个问题很难回答，但至少我们可能认为这样做是在帮动物们一个忙。
And other answers might say it depends a lot on the specifics of the case.
其他人可能会说，这很大程度上需要具体情况具体分析。
There are changes we could make to human beings by mixing in animal DNA that might make them better and there are changes we can make to human beings that might make them worse and worse from a moral perspective.
我们可以加入动物DNA让人类变得更好，也可以加入动物DNA让人类在道德上越来越败坏。
So, for example, if it turned out that there was, to use an example in literature, we could give human beings night vision so they could see at night like some animals through mixing in a little animal DNA, you might think that would be great.
比如说，如果这是真的话，举一个文学作品中的例子，我们可以给人类加上一点动物的DNA，让他们像某些动物一样拥有夜视能力，你可能会觉得这很棒。
We could do more search and rescue. We'd be better drivers. There'll be less fatalities.
我们可以做更多的搜救工作。我们能把车开得更安全。死亡人数会减少。
On the other hand, if the result was to produce human beings that had much stronger aggression or violence or claws or something like that, you might think that's worse because we're going to do more harm.
但另一方面，如果基因改变的结果是让人类产生了更强的攻击性、暴力或爪子之类的器官，你可能会觉得那就不好了，因为我们会造成更大的伤害。
And that would suggest the answer about whether we ought to have chimeras or not and what kind can only be answered in a particularistic way by thinking about a particular case.
这就给出了我们是否应该拥有嵌合体的答案，以及什么样的嵌合体只能通过思考特定的案例来得到特定的答案。
I will say, and this is kind of referencing some work by my friend Hank Greely at Stanford, that there are particular kinds of changes which from a sociological perspective seem to bother us more.
我想说，这其实引用了我在斯坦福的朋友汉克·格里利的一些研究，从社会学的角度来看，某些特殊的变化可能会让我们更加困扰。
And he describes them as kind of brains, balls, and faces.
他认为这些变化包括大脑、睾丸和脸。
So brains, it turns out we're very disturbed by the idea of human brains or humanized brains in animals.
首先来看大脑，事实表明，我们对动物拥有人类大脑或人化的大脑这种现象感到不安。
Much more disturbed by the humanized brain mice than we are by the humanized immune system mice, for example.
比如说，一个拥有人化大脑的小白鼠比免疫系统被人化的小白鼠更让我们坐立不安。
The other is balls. We tend to be very nervous when we think about the idea, and this is kind of crazy and out there, imagine you could create an animal that had the ability to reproduce — its gonads, it's reproductive system, was human.
接下来是睾丸。想到这里时，我们往往会非常紧张，这有点疯狂哈，假如你可以创造出一种有繁殖能力的动物——它的生殖腺、生殖系统，跟人类一模一样。
So that you'd have animals mating and producing human beings and animals.
这样就可以让动物交配，生下的却是人类和动物。
That's the kind of thing that I think disturbs a lot of people as an idea.
这种想法应该会让很多人都毛骨悚然。
And the last is faces. The idea of having animals with human faces, for example, I think just disturbs a lot of people, even though you might say a face is a face.
最后是脸。举个例子，如果动物长着一张人脸，很多人可能都不太接受吧，即便你可能会说脸就是脸。
But it's a marker of human beings and the way we relate to each other and I think there's just a strong sociological push back against that.
但它是人类的一个标志，是我们相互联系的方式，我觉得会有一股强大的社会力量反对这种现象。
