(单词翻译:单击)
中英文本
The emergence in the late 17th century of government advisers claiming scientific authority, rather than political or military acumen, represents the origins of the "expert" culture now so reviled by populists. These path-breaking individuals were neither pure scholars nor government officials, but hovered somewhere between the two. They were enthusiastic amateurs who offered a new way of thinking about populations that privileged aggregates and objective facts. Thanks to their mathematical prowess, they believed they could calculate what would otherwise require a vast census to discover.
17世纪晚期出现的政府顾问声称自己拥有科学权威,而不是政治或军事智慧,这代表了如今被民粹主义者痛斥的“专家”文化的起源
There was initially only one client for this type of expertise, and the clue is in the word "statistics". Only centralised nation states had the capacity to collect data across large populations in a standardised fashion and only states had any need for such data in the first place. Over the second half of the 18th century, European states began to collect more statistics of the sort that would appear familiar to us today. Casting an eye over national populations, states became focused upon a range of quantities: births, deaths, baptisms, marriages, harvests, imports, exports, price fluctuations. Things that would previously have been registered locally and variously at parish level became aggregated at a national level.
最初,这类专业知识只有一个客户,线索就在“统计”这个词中
New techniques were developed to represent these indicators, which exploited both the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the page, laying out data in matrices and tables, just as merchants had done with the development of standardised book-keeping techniques in the late 15th century. Organising numbers into rows and columns offered a powerful new way of displaying the attributes of a given society. Large, complex issues could now be surveyed simply by scanning the data laid out geometrically across a single page.
新的技术被开发出来来表现这些指标,利用了页面的垂直和水平维度,用矩阵和表格来排列数据,就像商人在15世纪晚期发展标准化簿记技术所做的那样
词语解释
1.a range of 一系列
A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.
为了抑制通货膨胀实施了一系列的政策
。2.lay out 展示
Let me lay out the relevant economic theory and evidence.
让我给你列出相关的经济学理论和证据吧
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