Hi. Welcome back to www. engvid. com.I'm Adam, and today's lesson is a special lesson.It's an introduction to dependent clauses.
嗨，欢迎回到 www. engvid. com。我是 Adam，今天这节课很特别。是从句的入门课程。
Now, before I begin, I want you to understand I'm only going to look at the functions of the dependent clauses today.
在开始之前我想告诉你们，我今天只会讲各种从句的功能。
I'm not going to look at how they're built, how to structure them, the conjunctions they use, the relative pronouns they use;
我不会讲它们是如何构成的，如何组织结构，它们用哪些连接词，用哪些关系代词，
only about the functions, because it's very important that you are able to recognize the different types of dependent clauses.
我只讲它们的功能，因为能够辨别出不同类型的从句是非常重要的。
Once you recognize the function of a clause, you know how it's built, you know what it's doing in the sentence, you can understand the sentence better, you can write better sentences.
只要能辨认出一个从句的功能，你就知道它是如何构成的，你就知道它在句子中做什么成分，你就能更好地理解句子，写出更好的句子。
So, dependent clauses, what are they?First of all, they're also called subordinate clauses.
那么，从句是什么呢？首先，它们也被称为从属分句。
You might see "subordinate", you might see "dependent".They're very different from the independent clause.
你看到的可能是 "subordinate"，也可能是 "dependent"。它们和独立分句有很大的不同。

The independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself, and has a complete meaning.
独立分句是能够独立成句的从句，意思是完整的。
It doesn't have...it doesn't need any other information.
不需要任何其他的信息。
A "clause" is a collection of words, sorry, that must include a subject and a verb.Okay, we have basically four types.
"clause" （分句，从句）指的是单词的集合，其中必须包含一个主语和一个动词。好了，我们主要有四种从句类型。
Technically, we think of three types, but there's one extra one that we're going to look at today.
严格来说我们想到的是三种类型，但我们今天要额外再讲一种。
We have "noun clauses", we have "adjective clauses", adjective clauses" are also called "relative clauses",
我们有名词性从句、形容词从句，也被称为关系从句
we have "adverb clauses", and we have something called a "that clause", which is really none of these three.
状语从句、还有叫做 "that" 从句的类型，它不属于上面三个中的任何一个。
It's closest to the noun clause, but it doesn't function like a noun clause.
它和名词性从句最像，但它的功能和名词性从句不一样。
We're going to start with the noun clause, then.What is a noun clause?
那我们从名词性从句开始讲吧。名词性从句是什么？
First of all, a noun clause has a specific function in a sentence.It is used, just like it's called, it's used like a noun.
首先，名词性从句在句子中有着特定功能。正如其名，它被用作名词。
You think of a noun clause as you would a noun, except that it's a clause.
可以把名词性从句当做一个名词来理解，只不过它是个从句。
There's a subject, there's a verb, there's other pieces to it.
里面有主语，有动词，还有其他的部分。
We can use it as a subject of a sentence, we can use it as a subject of an otherwise independent clause.
我们可以把它用作一个句子的主语，可以把它用作独立分句的主语。
"What you do in your free time is your business."So, look...let's, first of all, look at all the verbs here.
“你业余时间干什么是你的事。”我们首先来看看这个句子中所有的动词吧。
We have "do" and we have "is".We have two verbs.
我们有 "do"，还有 "is"。我们有两个动词。
The subject for "you"...for "do" is "you". Okay?What is the subject for "is"?
"do" 的主语是 "you"，知道了吗？"is" 的主语是什么？
Well, if you look around, it's not "time", it's not "your", and it's not "you" because "you" has already been used.
可以四处看看，不是 "time"，不是 "your"，不是 "you"，因为 "you" 已经用过了。
So the whole thing: "What you do in your free time", this is the subject, this is the verb, this is the subject complement. Okay?
那么“你业余时间干什么”这整个部分就是主语，这个是动词，这是主语补语，懂了吗？
Now, very rarely do people actually use noun clauses as subject, especially in writing.
事实上，人们很少会用名词性从句作主语，尤其是在写作中。
What they might say is "it": "It is your business what you do in your free time." Okay?
他们可能会用 "it"：“那是你的事，随便你业余时间干什么。”
We call this a "preparatory 'it'", means we prepare you for the subject that's going to come later.Why do we do this?
我们把这个称为“预备型 it ”，也就是让你做好准备看后面出现的主语。为什么要这么做？
Because it's more...it's a bit awkward to do it like this, it's more convenient to begin with "it",
因为这样写有点奇怪，用 "it" 开头更方便，
get to the verb, and get to the...whatever comes after the verb, and put the subject later because it's long. Okay?
后面加上动词，加上动词后面的内容，然后再加上主语，因为它很长，知道了吗？
"What you do in your free time", subject, "is", verb.
主语是 "What you do in your free time"，动词是 "is"。
Now, we can use it as a subject complement.A subject complement looks like an object, but it is not.
我们可以把它用作主语补语。主语补语看上去像是宾语，但它并不是。
It comes after a "be" verb.It comes after a "be" verb, okay?And it completes the meaning of the subject.
它位于 "be" 动词后面。它在 "be" 动词后面，知道了吗？它将主语的意思补充完整。
So, Tom, what do we know about Tom?"Tom isn't"...isn't what?
那么，Tom，我们对 Tom 有什么了解呢？“ Tom 不是......”，不是什么？
He "isn't what you would call friendly."This is the noun clause, there is the subject, there is the verb.
他“不是你觉得很友好的那种人。”这是名词性从句，这是主语，这是动词。
These, by the way, these are just called the pronouns or the conjunctions, whatever you want to call them.
顺便说一下，这些被称为代词或者连接词，随便你怎么叫。
They begin the clause.Now, as we know from other lessons, "is" works like an equal sign.
它们引导从句。从其他的课中我们知道，"is" 就像个等号一样。
Tom, not really friendly.That's basically what this sentence means.This is the subject complement to Tom, noun clause.
Tom 不是很友好。这个句子基本上就是这个意思。这个名词性从句是对 Tom 的主语补语。
Notice that the conjunction "what" can only be used in a noun clause; not in an adjective clause, not in an adverb clause.
注意，连接词 "what" 只能用在名词性从句中，不能用在形容词从句中，也不能用在状语从句中。
Okay, we can also use a noun clause as the object of the sentence.
好了，我们还可以用名词性从句作为句子的宾语。
"She said she was sorry."So, what do we have, here?We have the subject, we have the verb, she said what?
“她说她很抱歉。”那么这里有什么呢？我们有主语，有动词，她说了啥？
What did she say?That "she was sorry".Subject, verb. Okay?
她说了什么？她说“她很抱歉。”这是主语，这是动词，看懂了吗？
I put "that" in brackets because "that" is a conjunction that we can often take out.
我之所以给 "that" 加上括号是因为我们通常可以把 "that" 这个连接词拿掉。
You have the subject, here; we don't need this.This is only used to introduce the noun clause.
这里有主语，我们不需要这个。这个的作用只是引导名词性从句。
We can take it out, we can leave it in, up to you.
我们可以把它拿掉，也可以把它留在句子中，随便你。
Some sentences, it is necessary to keep "that" in the sentence if it's not clear without it.
如果在一些句子中去掉 "that" 句意不明的话，我们有必要保留句子中的 "that"。
If it's very clear without it, take it out.So, she said what?
如果去掉 "that" 后句意还是非常清晰，那就把它拿掉。那么，她说了什么？
This is the object, this whole thing.Actually, I'll put it here, object to "said".
这整个部分都是宾语。我把它写在这里吧，这是 "said" 的宾语。
This is the subject complement to "Tom", this is the subject to "is".
这是 "Tom" 的主语补语，这是 "is" 的主语。
We can also use noun clauses as objects of prepositions."I don't worry." is a complete sentence.
我们还可以用名词性从句作为介词宾语。“我不担心。”是一个完整的句子。
This is an independent clause; I don't actually need anymore.
这是一个独立分句，我其实不需要其他信息了。
But I want to tell you specifically what I don't worry about.
但是我想让你知道我不担心的具体是什么。
So I use the proposition "about", and now, "what others think", again, you have the conjunction, you have your subject, you have your verb.
于是我加上了介词 "about"，然后加上 "what others think"，还是一样，这里有连接词、主语、动词。
This whole thing is now the object of "about".About what?"What others think".
这整个部分现在是 "about" 的宾语。关于什么呢？“其他人的看法。”
The whole thing, this whole thing: "about what others think", this whole thing is a complement to this sentence. Okay.
"about what others think" 这整个部分是对这个句子的补充。
Now, we can also have an object of a verb that is not the main verb.
我们还可以用不是主动词的动词作为宾语。
"I really want to believe." this is a complete sentence.I have here a subject, verb, object.
“我真的想要相信。”这是一个完整的句子。这里有主语、动词、宾语。
I don't need anything else, but I want to add some more information.I want to add a complement.
我不需要其他内容，但是我想再加上一些信息。我想加个补语。
So: "that tomorrow will be better", I have my subject, I have my verb.
所以我加上了“明天会更好”，这里有主语，有动词。
This whole thing is a noun clause, acting as the object to "believe".
这整个部分是一个名词性从句，作为 "believe" 的宾语。
But "believe" is not the main verb of the sentence.
但是 "believe" 并不是句子中的主动词。
It is just...it is part of the object, the infinitive object.
它只是宾语的一部分，是不定式宾语的一部分。
And I have...but it's a transitive verb, means it can take an object, so I give it an object.
但它是一个及物动词，也就是说它后面可以带宾语，所以我给了它一个宾语。
This object now acts as a complement to the word, to the verb "believe".
这个宾语现在是作为动词 "believe" 的补语。
So here is basically the noun clauses that you will find in your readings, the noun clauses that you should use in your writing, and we're going to move now to the adjective clauses.
这就是你在阅读材料中会看到的主要的名词性从句，你在写作中应该使用的名词性从句，现在我们要来讲形容词从句了。
Okay, so now we're going to look at the adjective clauses or the relative clauses.
好了，现在我们来讲形容词从句或者关系从句。
Just like the nouns, the adjective clauses work as adjectives.
和名词性从句在句子中充当名词一样，形容词从句也是作为形容词。
They are modifying a noun, usually one that comes before it. Okay?
它们修饰的是一个名词，通常是从句前面的那个名词。
We're going to look at three types, it's not really three types; there's only two types, but one of them is a little bit different, so we look at it separately.
我们会讲到三种类型，其实并不是三种类型，只有两种类型的形容词从句，不过其中一种有些不同，所以我们把它单独拿出来讲。
You have identifying adjective clauses in which case you do not use commas.What does "identifying" mean?
有不加逗号的限制性形容词从句。“限制性”是什么意思？
It means that you're pointing to this noun and you're telling me what it is, or who it is, or where it is.
意思是你指着这个名词，告诉我它是什么，或者它是谁，或者它在哪里。
It has to be specific, because otherwise, I don't know.
必须要明确一点，因为否则我啥也不知道。
The noun is too general, you need to identify it, so there's no commas.
这个名词太笼统了，你要对它进行限定，所以不加逗号。
On the other hand, we have the non-identifying one.
另一方面，我们还有非限制性形容词从句。
If you give me a noun and I know what the noun is, maybe it's a name, maybe you've already mentioned it in a previous sentence, so I already know who, what, where this noun is.
如果你给我一个名词，我知道这个名词是什么，也许是个名字，也许你在之前的句子中已经提到过，也就是我已经知道这个名词的身份、内容、位置了。
So, now, anything that you tell me about it is extra information.
所以你现在告诉我的与它有关的所有内容都是额外的信息。
You're still modifying the same thing, but you're giving me extra.
你还是在修饰同样的内容，但是你给了我额外的信息。
In this case, you're going to use commas before and after the adjective clause.
在这种情况下，你要在形容词从句的前后都加上逗号。
If the adjective clause ends the sentence, then of course, there's a period, not a second comma.
如果形容词从句位于句末，那当然就要加句号，而不是第二个逗号了。
And we have situational adjective clauses.
我们还有情景形容词从句。
Now, technically, they work the same way except that they're not modifying a noun.
严格来说它们的原理是一样的，只不过它修饰的不是一个名词。
They're modifying an entire phrase or clause that came before it.
它修饰的是它前面的整个短语或分句。
We're going to look at examples.So number one, identifying.
我们会看一些例句的。那么第一种，限制性。
"The girl who sold me the car said it was hers."
“把车卖给我的那个女孩说那是她的车。”
Now, if you ask who is this girl, I don't know, lots of girls out there, so you need to tell me specifically which girl we're talking about.
如果你问这个女孩是谁的话，我不知道，外面有很多女孩，所以你需要明确地告诉我我们讲的是哪个女孩。
So that's why we have "who sold me the car", oh, sorry.This is an adjective clause.
所以我们加上了“把车卖给我的人”，啊，不好意思。这是一个形容词从句。
We have the subject, so in adjective clauses, this can also be the subject and the verb. Okay?
我们有主语，在形容词从句中，这也可以作为主语，然后是动词，看到了吗？
It is telling you something about the girl, it is telling you specifically which girl you're talking about, so now I know.
它在向你介绍这个女孩，在明确地告诉你你讲的是哪一个女孩，所以我现在知道了。
In the next sentence, when you say "the girl", if you're still talking about the same girl and the same situation, in the next sentence, you don't need to give me an identifying clause.
你在下一句中提到“那个女孩”时，如果你讲的还是同一个女孩，同一种情况，那么在下一个句子中你不需要加个限制性从句。
In the next sentence, if you want to give me more information about her, then you're giving me a non-identifying, because here, you've identified her.
在下一句中，如果你想再给我一些关于她的信息，那你要给我一个非限制性从句，因为你已经表明了她的身份。
Next sentence, I know who she is; it's all extra information. Okay?
我知道她是谁，下一句全是额外的信息，知道了吗？
Just a little bit of a refresher: "said" is a verb.What is this?
稍微复习一下，"said" 是一个动词。这是什么？
This is a little bit of review, it's a noun clause, of course.It's an object to "said".We took the "that" out.
稍微复习一下，这当然是个名词性从句啦。它是 "said" 的宾语。我们把 "that" 拿掉了。
Okay, let's look at the non-identifying clause."My high school English teacher..."
好了，我们来看非限制性从句。“我的高中英语老师......”
Now, we're talking about my high school, so I went to one high school and we're talking about one specific class, and therefore, one specific teacher.
我们讲的是我的高中，我只去过一所高中，而且我们讲的是一个具体的班级，因此指的是一位具体的老师。
So she's already been identified."My high school English teacher", that's a very specific person.
所以我们已经表明了她的身份。“我的高中英语老师”，这是一个非常具体的人。
So I don't need to identify her anymore; I've already identified her.
所以我不需要再表明她的身份了，我已经点明了。
So, now, I'm going to give you some information about her, but it's all extra.
现在我要向你介绍一些关于她的信息，但是这都是额外的信息。
If I take this clause out...it actually starts here.This is the adjective clause.
如果我把这个从句拿掉......它实际是从这里开始的。这是形容词从句。
If I take it out, my sentence is still okay."My high school English teacher sends me a postcard."
如果我把它拿掉，我的句子还是没问题的。“我的高中英语老师给我寄了一张明信片。”
No problem, good sentence, complete idea.
没毛病，句子不错，概念完整。
I know who she is, I know what she did, no problem.
我知道她是谁，我知道她做了什么，没毛病。
So this is extra, and so I put it between commas.
这是额外的信息，所以我把它放在两个逗号之间。
Okay? "Who is retired", so again, I have my subject and my verb, and "who now lives in Florida".
懂了吗？“退了休的”，还是一样，里面有主语和动词，还有“现居住在佛罗里达州。”
Because of the "and", I don't need to say this again.
因为这里有 "and"，所以我不需要再说一遍这个。
This just carries over to here, "who is retired and who now lives in Florida, sends me a postcard".
它直接转移到了这里，“她退了休，现在住在佛罗里达，给我寄了一张明信片”。
Between commas, just extra information. Okay?
只是额外的信息，要放在逗号之间，知道了吗？
But it is still telling you something about my English teacher.
但它还是在向你介绍我的英语老师。
It is still giving you information about the noun that came before it.
还是在给出它前面的名词的信息。
Just like this one tells you something about the noun that came before it.
就和这个向你介绍了它前面的名词一样。
Now, although it's not very common, you could have an adjective clause that doesn't modify the noun right before it.
虽然这不是很常见，但也存在形容词从句修饰的不是它前面紧挨着的名词。
"I bought myself a motorcycle for my birthday."This is an independent clause.
“我给自己买了一辆摩托车作生日礼物。”这是一个独立分句。
It's fine, you don't need any more information.I could put a period, here, and be finished with this sentence.
它没有问题，不需要其他的信息。我可以在这里加个句号，结束这个句子。
But I want to give you some more information, I want to give you my wife's reaction. Okay?
但是我想再多给你一些信息，我想告诉你我妻子的反应。
"Which made my wife crazy".Now, you're thinking "which", are we talking about birthday?
“这让我妻子气疯了。”你会想：“我们这个 'which' 指的是生日吗？”
My birthday made her crazy?That doesn't make sense.
我的生日让她气疯了？那说不通啊。
She's my wife, she loves me, she loves my birthday, she wants to buy me a cake, she wants to make me a cake, but that's not what made her crazy.
她是我的妻子，她爱我，她爱我的生日，她想要给我买个蛋糕，她想要给我做个蛋糕，但让她气疯了的不是那个。
What made her crazy is that I bought myself a motorcycle.
让她气疯了的是我给自己买了辆摩托车。
This situation, that's why I called it a situational, this situation is what I am describing.This situation made my wife crazy.
我描述的是这个情景，所以我把它称为情景形容词从句。这个情景让我妻子气疯了。
So, we don't modify the last noun, we actually modify the whole situation and we use a comma.
所以我们修饰的不是前面的名词，而是整个情景，我们要加上一个逗号。
We end the sentence with it, so we use a period.
因为我们用它作为了句子的结尾，所以要加上个句号。
If it was in the middle of a sentence, of course, comma and continue the sentence.So there you have three adjective clauses.
如果是在句子中间，那当然是要加上个逗号，然后继续写句子。那么以上是三种形容从句。
And again, just like with the noun clauses, sometimes you can take out the relative pronoun.
和名词性从句一样，有时候你可以把关系代词拿掉。
In this case, you can't because it is also the subject.
在这个句子中不行，因为它同时也是主语。
But we will do...I will do another video lesson about how to construct all the different types of adjective clauses, noun clauses, etc.
但是我会另外录个视频课，讲一讲如何组织各种不同类型的形容词从句、名词性从句等等的结构。
The only thing I will mention right away today: we use "that" with identifying adjective clauses.
我今天马上要讲的唯一一个内容是：限制性形容词从句用 "that"。
So if you're identifying a thing, use "that".
所以如果你是在限定一个事物，那就用 "that"。
If you're modifying...if you're describing a noun that's a thing, but it's non-identifying, use "which".
如果你在描述一个表示物体的名词，但它是非限制性的，那就用 "which"。
"That", no comma; "which", with comma. Okay?
用 "that" 不加逗号，用 "which" 要加逗号，记住了吗？
Identifying, non-identifying, in case you're wondering what's the difference between "that" and "which".
一个是限制性的，一个是非限制性的，以防你想知道 "that" 和 "which" 之间的区别。
Now, some teachers will tell you they're both the same, you can use either one, you can.
有些老师会告诉你它们是一样的，用哪个都可以，这确实可以。
If you're going to write an IELTS test, a TOEFL test, an SAT test, a GRE/GMAT test, not okay.
如果你要参加雅思、托福、SAT 、 GRE 或 GMAT 考试，那就不行了。
Identifying, non-identifying is the correct distinction between these two.
这两个之间的正确区别就是一个是限制性的，一个是非限制性的。
Okay, let's look at adverb clauses now.Okay, so now we're going to look at adverb clauses.
好了，我们现在来看状语从句。好了，现在我们要讲的是状语从句。
And just like noun clauses and adjective clauses, what does an adverb clause do or how does it work?
和名词性从句及形容词从句一样，状语从句是干什么的，或者它是怎么用的呢？
It works like an adverb.And what does it do?It shows our relationship.Now, what is the relationship between?
它的用法就像状语一样。它有什么作用呢？它展现了关系。什么之间的关系？
It's very important to remember that a dependent clause is always joined to an independent clause or to other dependent clauses; it never stands by itself, right?
一定要记住，从句总是要加进一个独立分句或其他的从句中的，它永远不会孤立存在。
So an adverb clause has a relationship with whatever clause it is attached to, usually the independent clause.What kind of relationships?
所以状语从句和它跟的那个分句，通常是独立分句之间有关系。什么样的关系呢？
Well, here are some examples: there's a contrast, there's condition, there's reason, there's time. Okay?
这里有一些例子，有对照，有状况，有原因，有时间。
There are others as well, but we're just going to look at a few just to get an example of the types of relationships you might have.
还有其他的，但我们只讲几个，举例说明你可能会遇到的关系类型。
So, adverb clauses, of course, have their own conjunction.They're not "what", they're not "that".We don't use "what", we don't use "that".
当然了，状语从句有自己的连接词。它们不是 "what"，不是 "that"。我们不用 "what"，我们不用 "that"。
You could use "who", you could use "which".No, we can't use "which", that's for a noun or an adjective.
你可以用 "who"，可以用 "which"。不，我们不能用 "which"，那是用在名词或形容词从句中的。
"Although", "if", "because", "when".Contrast, condition, reason, time. Okay?
可以用 "although"，"if"，"because" "，"when"。分别指的是对比，状况，原因，时间。
So we can use all of these conjunctions to show all kinds of relationships.
我们可以用这些连接词来表示各种关系。
"Although he practiced every day", here's your adverb clause, "he didn't win", here's your independent clause.
这是状语从句：“虽然他每天都练习”，接下来是独立分句："但他没赢。”
This is a sentence: "He didn't win."But the contrast, though: "Although he practiced every day".
“他没赢”是个句子。但是与之对照的是，“虽然他每天都练习”。
So, what's the...what's the relationship of a contrast?It means opposite ideas. Right?Or opposite expectations.
那么，对照的关系是什么？它指的是相反的想法，对吧？或者相反的期待。
You think, he practiced every day, he should be very good, he should win the contest.
你以为既然他每天都练习，那应该很不错，他应该会赢得比赛。
But he didn't win, so this is like "but", although it creates a dependent clause.
但是他没有赢，所以这个和 "but" 有点像，不过它引领的是一个从句。
"If you help me pass this test, I'll buy you lunch."On what condition will I buy you lunch?
“如果你帮我通过这场考试，我请你吃午餐。”我请你吃午餐的条件是什么？
On the condition that you help me pass this test.So if you help me, I will buy. Okay?
只要你帮我通过这场考试。所以如果你帮我，我就请吃饭，知道了吗？
"I lent her my notes", why?"Because she missed too many classes".
“我给她借了我的笔记”，为什么呢？“因为她有太多节课没上。”
So I'm showing you the reason that I lent her my notes, independent clause, adverb clause, showing reason.
我是在告诉你我给她借我的笔记的原因，这是独立分句，这是状语从句，表示原因。
Now, this sentence I made a little bit more complicated.
这个句子我弄得更复杂一点。
I put in a few dependent clauses, because you remember at the beginning I said there's a fourth type, "that" clause?
我往里加了好几个从句，因为你还记得我在开头说过有第四种类型，"that" 从句吗？
We're going to see that now, too.
我们现在就要讲那种了。
"When my mother, who was only 18 when she had me, told me I should wait until I got older to marry Lucy, I knew she was really happy I met the right person."
“我的妈妈怀我的时候才18岁，当她告诉我我应该等到长大以后娶 Lucy 时，我知道她很开心我遇到了对的人。”
Wow, that's a very complex sentence, you're thinking that, right?
你肯定在想：“哇，这个句子好复杂啊”，对吧？
Too many things going on.Well, not so complicated."When my mother...", okay?
内容太多了。其实没有那么复杂啦。“当我的妈妈......”
Where's the main verb?"Told me", "When my mother told me", that's your first adverb clause.
主动词在哪儿？“告诉我”，“当我的妈妈告诉我”，这是第一个状语从句。
Here, we have a comma and a comma.Here, we have an adjective clause.Here, we have an adverb clause.
这里加了两个逗号。这里有一个形容词从句。这里有一个状语从句。
Adjective clause is telling me something about my mother, but commas tell me it's not identifying.
形容词从句是对我的妈妈进行了介绍，但是两个逗号告诉我这不是限制性从句。
I only have one mother, she's already been identified, she's my mother.
我只有一个妈妈，我已经表明了她的身份，她是我的妈妈。
Not your mother, not his mother, not her mother, my mother, there's only one.
不是你的妈妈，不是他的妈妈，不是她的妈妈，是我的妈妈，只此一人。
So this is non-identifying adjective clause."When my mother told me...", told me what?
所以这是非限制性形容词从句。“当我的妈妈告诉我......”，告诉我什么？
"I should wait...", noun clause, object to "told"."Told me I should wait until I got older..."
“我应该等......”，这是名词性从句，"told" 的宾语。“告诉我应该等到长大以后......”
Until when should I wait?Here, we have another adverb clause, with time. Right?
我应该等到什么时候？这里又有一个表示时间的状语从句。
This relationship of this clause is to this clause.I should wait until a specific time.
这个从句与这个从句有关。我应该等到一个具体的时间。
This is a noun clause."To marry Lucy", this is just a complement.
这是一个名词性从句。“娶 Lucy”，这只是一个补语。
"I knew she was really happy", what's the relationship?There's no conjunction.
“我知道她非常高兴”，这里有什么关联？这里没有连接词。
This is a complete idea by itself, this sentence can stand by itself.
它本身就是个完整的概念，这个句子可以独立存在。
This is your independent clause.Now, remember the "that" clause that I told you about?
这是独立分句。还记得我跟你讲的 "that" 从句吗？
So, technically, there is a "that" here.But I took it out because I don't need it, I have a subject.
严格来说，这里是有个 "that" 的。但是我把它拿掉了，因为我不需要它，我有主语。
Remember "that"...we generally use "that" just to introduce a clause.
我们一般用 "that" 只是为了引导一个从句。
It doesn't have any particular function other than to introduce the clause.
它除了引导从句外没有任何特别的功能。
So "I met the right person".Now, is this modifying, "happy" or "she" or anything?
然后是“我遇到了对的人”。这个是在修饰 "happy" 或者 "she" 什么的吗？
No, so it's not an adjective clause.There's no relationship of any kind, here, so it's not an adverb clause.
不是，所以它不是一个形容词从句。这里没有任何形式的关联，所以也不是状语从句。
There's no noun and there's no situation, so it's not a noun clause.
这里面没有名词，没有情景，所以它也不是名词性从句。
Basically, this is called a complement, complement.It is just completing this idea.It's just a "that clause" we call it.
这个一般被称为补语。它只是在补充这个概念。我们直接把它叫做 "that" 从句。
It doesn't really have any type of a noun, adjective, adverb, but it just gives you a little bit of extra information to complete the idea.
它并不是任何类型的名词性从句、形容词从句、状语从句，它只是给了你一点额外的信息来补充这个概念。
"She was really happy that I met somebody", this completes the idea of basically happiness.
“她很开心我遇到了某个人”，这补充了“开心”这个概念。
So there you go, adverb clause, adjective clause, noun clause, adverb clause, independent clause, and a "that" clause all in one sentence.
你看，一个句子里包含了状语从句、形容词从句、名词性从句、状语从句、独立分句和一个 "that" 从句。
Now, why did we learn all this stuff today?Why did we have this introduction to dependent clauses?
我们今天为什么学这些东西呢？我们为什么要讲这节从句的入门课程呢？
So that when you see a sentence like this and it looks very complicated to you,
原因是当你看到像这样的句子，觉得它看上去非常复杂时，
understand that all you have to do is pick out all the different clauses, find out what is their function, what are they doing in this sentence.
你知道自己要做的只是挑出所有不同的从句，找出它们的功能，找出它们在句子中的作用。
If you understand what they are doing, what they are modifying, what they are explaining, what relationship they're showing, then you know what the sentence means.
如果你弄懂了它们的作用，弄懂了它们在修饰什么，它们在说明什么，它们表现的是什么关联，那你就知道这个句子是什么意思了。
When you know the independent clause, that's your main idea.
独立分句是句子的中心思想。
"I knew she was really happy", this is the main idea, this is the most important piece of information.
“我知道她非常开心”，这是中心思想，这是最重要的一条信息。
All this other stuff just gives you more information; it just modifies the main idea.
所有的其他内容只是在给你更多信息，只是修饰中心思想的。
Know the function, know the type of clause, know how everything is working.
要知道功能，知道从句的类型，知道各个部分的作用。
Now, if you understand all this, do keep in mind I will make other videos as I said.
如果你弄懂了这些内容，一定要记住我会像我说的那样录其它视频的。
I will show you how to construct a noun clause, an adjective clause, and an adverb clause.
我会告诉你如何组织一个名词性从句、形容词从句和状语从句的结构。
Okay? I will show you how to make them, I will show you how to analyze them.
懂了吗？我会告诉你如何写这些从句，我会告诉你如何分析这些从句。
They come in different structures, they can be played around with.
它们的结构各有不同，可以品玩。
You need to know...you need to know all the different conjunctions; "who", "until", "when", "that", etc.
你要了解所有不同的连接词："who"，"until"，"when"，"that" 等等。
But for now, make sure you know what you're looking at, identify it, and work from there.
但是目前你要确保你知道自己在看什么，要会辨别，从那儿开始。
Now, if you want to practice this a little bit, if you want to come and look at sentences and identify the clauses, go to www. engvid. com.There's a quiz there that I put up there.
如果你想练习一下这些内容，如果你想看一些句子，辨认不同的从句，请登陆 www. engvid. com。我在那儿上传了一个小测验。
You can practice, you can ask me questions in the comment section, and that's it, it's all good.
你可以做练习，可以在评论区问我问题，然后就这样了，都讲完了。
Don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel, and I'll see you again soon.Bye.
不要忘了订阅我的 YouTube 频道，下次见。拜。