Hi, everyone, I'm Jade, what we're talking about today is some grammatical differences between American English and British English.
嗨，大家好，我是 Jade，我们今天要讲的是美式英语和英式英语之间的一些语法区别。
Because although we speak the same language and we understand each other,
因为虽然我们讲的是同一种语言，我们能够听懂对方说的话，
we actually have two varieties of English and we have different rules; we have some different grammar that comes with that.
但是我们实际上讲的是两种英语，有不同的规则，有一些不同的语法。
So I think this video is interesting for you if you're learning English.
所以我认为如果你们正在学习英语，这个视频对你们来说会很有意思的。
And I suggest you use this video to just make sure that whichever variety you prefer that you take all the rules associated with that variety.
无论你们偏爱哪种英语，我建议你们利用这个视频来确保自己掌握了与那种英语有关的所有规则。
So don't think: "Oh, I like the rule for collective nouns in American English, that's easier, I'll do that, but for British English, it's easier to spell like that".
所以不要以为：“哦，我喜欢美式英语中集合名词的规则，那个更简单，我要那么做，但是英式英语中那样的拼写更简单。”

Don't do that, just keep it standard.Pick one, learn the rules, keep it standard that way.
不要这么做，要保持标准。选一个，学习好规则，保持标准。
I also think this will be interesting to you if you're a native speaker.
如果你是以英语为母语的人，我认为这对你来说也会很有趣。
So if you're an American, you're a British person and you just want to compare just for interest's sake.
所以如果你是位美国人或者英国人，你可能只是为了好玩而想进行一下比较。
So, let's get started.Number one: collective nouns.
那么，我们开始吧。第一个：集合名词。
A collective noun represents a noun standing for a collection of individuals or...not necessarily individuals, but within one bigger thing.
集合名词表示的是一个代表一些个人或者......也不一定是个人，反正是一个更大范围内的。
So, a good example is government.
"government" （政府）就是一个很好的例子。
Government, do you see it as one thing making decisions as the government speaking as one voice,
你是把 "government" 视作做决定的一个事物，作为政府这一个整体发声，
or do you see it as a collection of different political parties, or even different individuals within one thing - the government?
还是把它视作不同政治党派的集合，抑或是位于一个事物（政府）内的不同个人呢？
In British English, we can make our collective nouns singular or plural to reflect the fact that just because one thing is a group,
在英式英语中，我们可以用集合名词的单复数形式来反映，一个事物是一个团体
it doesn't necessarily mean that they're speaking with one voice or one vision.
并不一定意味着他们就是以一种声音或一种想法发声。
So we can say: "Tom's family is or are coming to visit." in British English.It just depends: do you have a happy family?
所以我们在英式英语中说“汤姆的家人要来拜访”时既可以用 "is"，也可以用 "are"。这取决于：你是否有一个幸福的家庭？
Are you one family happy unit or are you a collection of different individuals making up that family: mom, dad, your brothers, your sisters?In which case, you can use: "are".
你们是一个幸福的家庭单位还是组成那个家庭的不同个人——妈妈，爸爸，你的兄弟们，你的姐妹们的集合？若是后者则可以用 "are"。
In British English, we can say that, whereas in American English, we have to just use the singular verb.
在英式英语中我们可以那么说，但是在美式英语中我们只能用动词的单数形式。
Here's an example: "The government have cut spending".
下面来看一个例句：“政府削减了开支。”
Government is seen as one thing, so we use the singular verb.
这里是把 "government" 看做了一个整体，所以我们用的是动词的单数形式。
Moving on now, rule number two.We have different spelling rules also.
继续往下讲第二条规则。我们还有不同的拼写规则。
Here's one to consider: spelling for "-ed" words.
这里有一个值得思考的：以 "-ed" 结尾的单词的拼写。
In American English, it's generally preferred to spell with "-ed".
在美式英语中一般喜欢拼写成以 "-ed" 结尾的。
Let me tell you a story about something on my other YouTube channel.
我给你们讲个与我另一个 YouTube 频道有关的故事。
I have a video there that generates quite a lot of negative comments sometimes because I say something about Americans and they're not very, very happy when they watch it.
我在那个频道上有一个视频，有时候会引发相当多的负面评论，因为我说了关于美国人的一些事情，他们在看这个视频时不是太高兴。
And sometimes people get really angry, and in a comment, somebody was like: "Hey, you can't even spell!
有时候人们会非常生气，在一个评论中有人写着：“嘿，你甚至连拼写都不会！
You should spell 'learned' with 'ed', not a 't'".
'learn' 这个单词的过去式或过去分词应该是加的 'ed'，而不是 't'。”
And she was like really angry, said all this stuff in there; taking the video way too seriously.
她表现得非常生气，在评论区写了那些内容，把这个视频过于当真了。
And then, it started a bit of a comment thread, and people were like: "Hey, you're embarrassing Americans, you can spell it that way" and things like this.
然后它有点儿挑起了一场评论大战，人们说：“嘿，你这是在给美国人丢脸，那样拼写是可以的”等等之类的。
So, that's a good example of how when you...when you're used to your variety...I'm used to British English mainly, I'll sometimes see something in the American variety that confuses me.
这很好地表现了当你习惯了你自己所讲的英语......我基本上习惯了英式英语，我有时候会在美式英语中看到令我很是疑惑的内容。
So obviously that girl hadn't seen "learnt" spelled with a "t" before which is okay in British English.
所以显然那个女生之前没有看到过以 "t" 结尾的 "learnt" 这种拼写形式，在英式英语中是可以这么拼的。
So, in American English, you have a couple of exceptions.You would spell: "dreamt" and "smelt" with a "t".
在美式英语中有几个例外情况。会把 "dream" 和 "smell" 的过去式和过去分词拼写成以 "t" 结尾的 "dreamt" 和 "smelt"。
I guess because these words sound like they've got "t" endings, whereas in British English, we have an option.
我想这是因为这些词听起来就像它们是以 "t" 结尾的，但是在英式英语中，我们可以二者选一。
We can spell words with a "t" or "ed" in a lot of cases like: "learnt/learned", "burned/burnt", "dreamed/dreamt", and they actually have a different pronunciation as well.
在很多情况下我们既可以用 "t" 作为动词的过去式或过去分词词尾，也可以用 "ed"，比如："learnt/learned"，"burned/burnt"，"dreamed/dreamt"，它们的发音其实也不一样。
We have a couple of exceptions too.We don't say "smelt" and we don't say "leapt", we spell these with "ed".
我们也有几个例外。我们不用 "smelt"，也不说 "leapt"，这些单词我们都是用 "ed" 结尾的。
So those are our little spelling differences for you.The third rule now is the past participle of "get".
这些就是为你们准备的一点拼写区别。现在要讲的第三个规则是 "get" 的过去分词。
The rule generally...the basic rule is: in British English, we can't say "gotten".
基本规则就是在英式英语中，我们不说 "gotten"。
To say "gotten" is wrong in British English.We use "got" as past participle.
在英式英语中说 "gotten" 是错误的。我们用 "got" 作为过去分词。
Now, I'm observing that people are starting to use "gotten" in British English.
我发现人们在英式英语中也开始使用 "gotten" 了。
It's not considered standard or grammatically correct, but people around my age and people younger than me, they're using "gotten" now.
这并不被认为是标准的或在语法上是正确的，但是与我年纪相仿的和比我年轻的人，他们现在正在用 "gotten"。
And I think that's surely the influence of American culture, American film and that kind of thing, and TV series on British people in there for a British language.
我认为这无疑是受了美国文化、美国电影和讲英式英语的关于英国人物的电视剧的影响。
So, how are we using the past participle of "get" in sentences?
那么，我们要怎么在句子中使用 "get" 的过去分词呢？
You could say...in American English, you could say: "I've gotten a headache".
在美式英语中说“我头痛”时可以用 "have gotten"。
And that sentence means talking about the past and in general.
那个句子谈论的是过去的一般情况。
Before, at some point in time, I've gotten a headache.
意思是我以前某个时间得过头痛症。
We can't use "gotten" in British English, so what do we say?
我们在英式英语中不能用 "gotten"，那我们用什么呢？
If we're talking about the past and the same general meaning, we'd need to say: "I've had a headache."
如果我们谈论的是过去和同样的整体意思，那我们就要用 "have had"。
At some point in my life, I have had a headache.
在我生命中的某个时刻，我得过头痛。
But what if we want to talk about now, what do we say?
但是如果我们想谈论现在的情况呢？我们要怎么说？
In fact, we can use the same sentence.
事实上，我们可以用同样的句子。
In American English and British English, if we're talking about now, we can simply say: "I've got a headache."
在美式英语和英式英语中，如果我们谈论的是现在的情况，我们可以直接用 "have got"。
And what's important to notice there is we're not using "gotten" as past participle; we're just using "got", the same as British English.
这里一定要注意的是我们没有用 "gotten" 作为过去分词，而是用了 "got"，这在英式英语中也是一样的。
And point number four, if we're talking about dates, we have different conventions about the date.
第四点，如果要讲日期，我们对于日期的表达有着不同的惯例。
So in American English, they don't use an article.
在美式英语中，他们不加冠词。
They would say: "My birthday...my birthday..." I can't say that sound."My birthday is September the 9th."
他们会说：“我的生日......我的生日......”我发不出来那个音。“我的生日是9月9日。”
Sorry, I did my British English thing, I put "the" in there where it doesn't belong in the American English.
不好意思，我刚才讲的是英式英语的用法，我在句子里加了 "the"，这在美式英语中是没有的。
You'd say: "My birthday is September 9th".In British English, we need to use "the".We say: "My birthday is the 9th of September".
要说“我的生日是九月九”。在英式英语中，我们需要加上 "the"。我们说“我的生日是九月的第九日”。
Also using a preposition there.So those are the first four differences, we've got four more differences to look at.
还要用上介词。以上是我们的头四个区别，我们还有四个区别要讲。
Let's go over the last four differences I'm going to talk about between American English and British English.
我们来看看我要讲的美式英语和英式英语之间的最后四个区别吧。
Number five: talking about recent past events.
第五点，谈论最近发生的过去的活动。
We have a different preference on the grammatical form to use.
我们在使用的语法形式方面有不同的偏好。
In British English, we like to use the present perfect.
在英式英语中，我们喜欢使用现在完成时。
So we'd say: "I have just seen her", talking about something that just happened recently, I saw my friend.
所以我们说“我刚刚见过她”，讲的是最近刚发生的事情，我看见了我的朋友。
Then I say: "I've just seen her".
然后我就可以用现在完成时说“我刚刚见过她”。
Whereas the preferred way to say that in American English is with the past simple and using the adverb.
但是在美式英语中，人们更倾向于用一般过去时和副词。
So, you could say in American English: "I just saw her".The adverb here is coming before the verb.
所以在美式英语中说“我刚见过她”可以用一般过去时。这里的副词位于动词之前。
And in the present perfect, the adverb is going between the auxiliary verb and the main verb in the sentence.
而在现在完成时的那个句子中，副词位于助动词和主动词之间。
So we say: "I have just seen her".We've got two more examples.
所以我们说的是“我刚刚见过她”。我们还有两个例子。
"He already finished.", compared to: "He has already finished".
“他已完成”与“他已经完成了”进行对比。
And in the question form: "Did she leave yet?" compared to: "Has she left yet?".
还有问句的形式，“她走了吗？”，与之对比的是“她已经走了吗？”。
To say about these last two, these will be heard and spoken American English, perhaps not really written.
讲一下这最后两个，在美式英语中可能会听到有人这么说，但可能不会真的有人把它们用作书面语。
In written English, American, it's also possible to use the present perfect like how we're using it in British English.Let's look at number six now, using "got".
在美式英语的书面语中，可能使用的也是现在完成时，就像我们在英式英语中的用法一样。我们现在来看看第六点：使用 "got"。
In informal spoken American English, "got" can be used in a different way, in a way that's not really acceptable in British English.
在非正式的美式英语口语中，"got" 可以有不同的用法，我们在英式英语中不太接受这种用法。
So "got" can be used for necessity: "I got to go".
"got" 可以用来表示必要性，比如“我得走了”。
In British English, we would say the same thing with the present perfect: "I've got to go" or: "I've gotta go".
在英式英语中，要表达同样的意思我们会用现在完成时：“我要走了”。
Yeah, so our general preference is using the present perfect a bit more than in American English.
是的，我们一般比美式英语稍微更喜欢使用现在完成时。
Let's look at using "got" for possession.
我们来看看用 "got" 表示“所有物”。
"Possession" means something you own, something that belongs to you.
“所有物”就是指你拥有的东西，属于你的东西。
In American English, informal, spoken, it is possible to say: "I got a car".
在非正式的美式英语口语中，可能有人会直接用 "got" 来表示“我有一辆车”。
It's not considered correct, but it's said and it's spoken.
我们并不认为这是正确的，但确实有人这么说。
Whereas in British English, again, we're using the present perfect, and we say: "I've got a car".
然而在英式英语中，我们用的还是现在完成时 "have got" 来表示“我有一辆车”。
Let's look at the next difference now, number seven: compound nouns.
我们现在来看看下一个区别，第七点：复合名词。
A compound noun is when you have two nouns together and the meaning together is one noun.So, here are some examples.
复合名词就是把两个名词组合在一起，它们组合起来的意思是一个名词。这里有一些例子。
In American English, this is how they're formed: it's (verb)+(noun), and then you get something like this: "jump rope" and "dive board".
美式英语中的组合方式是用动词加上名词，于是就有了像 "jump rope" （跳绳）和 "dive board" （跳板）这样的词。
But compare that to British English where we do the form of: (gerund)+(noun).
但是与此相比，英式英语中的做法是用动名词加上名词。
And another way of understanding gerund is (verb)+(ing).So our preferred forms have "ing".
另一种理解动名词的方式就是动词的 "ing" 形式。所以我们偏爱的形式中包含 "ing"。
So we can say: "skipping rope", means the same as "jump rope", when you do that thing and you jump, exercise or in the playground at school.
所以我们可以说 "skipping rope"，这和 "jump rope" 是一个意思，就是用来跳的，锻炼用的或者你在学校操场上跳的那个东西。
And the American "dive board" compares to the English "diving board".
与美式的 "dive board" 相对的是英式英语中的 "diving board"。
And that brings us to the last difference that I'm going to talk about today.
这就带我们来到了我今天要讲的最后一个区别。
This is the most complicated difference I think because in American English,
我觉得这是最复杂的区别，因为在美式英语中它的意思要清楚得多，
it's a lot clearer what is meant and in British English, this subjunctive mood can be quite hard to grasp what's actually being spoken about.
而在英式英语中，很难理解这种虚拟语气究竟表达的是什么。
So, what is a subjunctive mood?If you want...here's the situation: your friend wants to find out how to get to Upstate New York.
那么，虚拟语气是什么呢？如果你想......给你们一个情境：你的朋友想要弄清楚怎样才能去纽约州北部。
And somebody says to him, the car hire place or whatever they said: "They suggested he rent a car".
有人跟他说了汽车租赁的地方什么的，这时可以说“他们建议他租辆车”。
And they're talking about now, that meaning is now.They're giving him an option...an option in the future.
他们谈论的是现在，那个意思是现在。他们在给他一个将来的选择。
Okay? So it's like a hypothetical, it's in the future.Compare that to British English.
知道了吗？所以这就像假设的一样，是未来的事情。将它与英式英语中的用法进行一下比较。
Two options, first option you can say: "They suggested that he should rent a car".Why is "should" in there?It's a little bit confusing. Okay?
有两个选择，第一个选择，你可以说“他们建议他应该租一辆车”。为什么要用 "should"？这让人有点疑惑。
My feeling is that "should" is there because we use "should" in like a polite way for making offers and that kind of thing, or saying the hypothetical, talking about now.
我感觉在那里用 "should" 是因为我们用 "should" 来礼貌地提出要求之类的，或者表达假设的情况，谈论现在。
"They suggested that he should rent a car".And the second way, even more confusing I think because we have a back shift in the tense.We say: "They suggested that he rented a car".
“他们建议他应该租一辆车。”还有第二种，我觉得这一种更让人困惑，因为我们在时态上进行了二次变换。我们说“他们建议他租了辆车”。
So we back shift there, even though the meaning is still talking about now and, you know, potentially his future actions.So yeah, compare this one to...we'll compare these two.
我们变换了时态，虽然意思还是谈论现在以及他未来可能的行动。是的，我们来比较一下这两个。
"They suggested he rent a car." meaning now in American English, compared to: "They suggested he rented a car." meaning now also, with the implication of now.
“他们建议他租辆车”在美式英语中指的是现在，与此相对的，“他们建议他租了一辆车”指的也是现在，暗示的是现在。
So, there are eight grammatical differences for you between American English and English English.If you did like this video, please give it a thumbs up; really appreciate that.
那么，我为你们准备的美式英语和英式英语之间的八个语法区别就讲完了。喜欢这个视频请点赞，感激不尽。
And if you like my teaching style, please subscribe to my channel, not only on my EngVid channel, but on my other channel as well because I've got two channels.
如果你喜欢我的教学风格，请订阅我的频道，不只是订阅我的 EngVid 频道，还有我的另一个频道，因为我有两个频道。
And you can watch all kinds of lessons on my channel, so I'd really appreciate it.And, oh yes, did I tell you to do the quiz?
你可以在我的频道观看各种课程，我会非常感激你的订阅的。哦，对了，我有告诉你们去做小测验吗？
Go and do the quiz about this because that way, you can exercise your brain and learn more about English and American English.
去做一做这节课的小测验吧，因为这样你就能锻炼自己的大脑，学到更多关于英语和美式英语的内容了。
So, see you and come back and see me again.There's a big hug for you, and a goodbye from me.Bye.
下次见啦，欢迎再回来观看我的视频。送你一个大大的拥抱和再见。拜。