Hi there. My name is Emma, and today we are going to do a vocabulary lesson, and we're going to talk about "children" and "childhood".
大家好，我是Emma，今天我们的词汇课要讲的是"children"（儿童）和"childhood"（童年）。
So this vocabulary lesson is very good for anyone who has children, anyone who knows children, who talk about children, and also people who are doing the TOEFL and the IELTS exam.
所以对有孩子、认识孩子、谈论孩子以及要参加托福和雅思考试的人来说，这节词汇课非常有用。
And the reason for the TOEFL and the IELTS exam is for some of the questions,
之所以说这对托福和雅思考试有用是因为在一些问题中
they may ask you maybe in the essay or in the speaking part to talk about your childhood, or if you have children, to talk about your children.
他们可能会在作文或者口语部分要求你谈论一下你的童年，或者如果你有孩子，他们会让你讲讲你的孩子。
So this vocabulary lesson can help you to get a higher score on the vocabulary component, because you'll be using a little bit more challenging words and they will recognize that.
所以这节词汇课能帮助你在词汇这一项得到更高的分数，因为学完这节课之后你就能使用更具挑战性的单词，考官会对你表示认可的。
So let's get started, sorry about the siren, guys.
那我们开始吧，不好意思，刚才的汽笛声可能有点吵。

Okay. So, a common grammatical mistake people make is they don't know when to use "child" and when to use "children".
好了，人们经常会犯的一个语法错误是他们不知道什么时候该用"child"，什么时候该用"children"。
So, first of all, "child" means one; one kid, one child, "children" is two...or sorry, "children", two or more.
首先，"child"指的是一个，一个孩子，而"children"指的是两个或两个以上。
Okay? So, my friend has three children, my other friend has just one child. Okay?
知道了吗？比如我的朋友有三个"children"，我的另一个朋友只有一个"child"。
Another thing I want you to note is the meaning of "childhood".
我还想让你注意的一点是"childhood"的意思。
So when we talk about "childhood", we're talking about a period of time.
我们说"childhood"时指的是一段时间。
A period of time when we were young, that's our "childhood".
我们年纪还很小的那段时间，那就是我们的"childhood"。
So the "childhood" is the period of time when you're a child.
所以"childhood"就是你还是个孩子时的那段时光。
All right, so let's look at some different types...some of the different stages of childhood and the terms we use for those.
好了，现在我们来看看童年的一些不同阶段，以及我们在这些阶段可以用的表达。
So, first of all, we have "infant".
首先我们要讲的是"infant"（婴儿）。
Okay? "Infant" is a noun, and it's a synonym of "baby", it's just sort of like a higher way to say "baby".
"infant"是一个名词，跟"baby"是同义词，就是"baby"的高级一点的说法。
"Infants tend to cry a lot.", just an example sentence of the word "infant".
"Infants tend to cry a lot."（婴儿总是哭），这只是"infant"这个单词的一个例句。
So, after infant, the baby will get a bit bigger and it will become a "toddler".
那么，在"infant"阶段之后，孩子会长大一些，会变成一个"toddler"（幼儿，学步的小孩）。
So, a "toddler", this is a noun, and it's usually around the ages of 1 to 2 years old.
"toddler"是一个名词，通常指的是1-2岁之间。
It's a child who are...who is between these ages.
是处于这个年龄段之间的孩子。
And usually "toddlers", they're able to walk, and they can talk, they say not maybe full sentences, but you know...they're about 1 to 2 years old.
"toddlers"一般会走路了，会讲话，他们讲出来的可能不是完整的句子，但是......他们的年龄在1-2岁之间。
So we use the term "toddler" for this age.
所以我们用"toddler"来表示这个年龄段。
Now, similar to "toddler", we also sometimes talk about "the terrible twos".
和"toddler"相似的是，我们有时候也会说"the terrible twos"（可怕的两岁）。
So this is a common English expression, and we use it when we're talking about toddlers, because toddlers often scream, they often cry, they often fight, maybe kick or hit.
这是一个很常用的英语短语，我们讲到幼儿时会用这个短语，因为幼儿经常大叫，动不动就哭闹，可能会踢人或者打人。
And so as a result, parents often call this period of time: "The Terrible Twos".
因此父母们经常把这段时间称为"the terrible twos"。
So, here's an example: "When children hit the terrible twos, they cry a lot."
给你们一个例句："When children hit the terrible twos, they cry a lot."（孩子长到两岁之后经常哭）。
Okay? Although I hear "the terrible twos" really aren't that terrible, for parents who...you know, your children are growing, maybe it won't be such a bad time.
不过我听说"the terrible twos"其实并没有那么可怕，对父母来说......这说明孩子在长大，可能这段时间并没有那么糟糕。
Okay, next we have "pre-teen".
好了，下面我们来讲"preteen"（青春期以前的孩子，九至十三岁的儿童）。
So I've skipped a lot between here, you'll see that we've jumped from 2 to 9-13.
在这之间我跳过了很多，你们可以看到，我们从两岁跳到了九至十三岁。
And the reason for that is, in general, after about 2 years old, we just usually use the term "children", "child", "kid".
我这么做是因为一般来说，过了两岁以后，我们就只是用"children"、"child"、"kid"来称呼他们。
You can also use the age, too: "I have an 8-year-old kid.", "I have a 3 year old.", "I have a 4 year old."
也可以用年龄："I have an 8-year-old kid."（我有一个八岁的孩子）， "I have a 3 year old."（我有个三岁的孩子）， "I have a 4 year old."（我有个四岁的孩子）。
So that's what we usually use for the ages between 2 and 9.
所以我们在2-9岁之间用的通常就是上面这些表达。
So, after that, we get to "preteen".
那么在那之后我们就来到了"preteen"阶段。
So, "pre" means before, so before teenage years.
"pre"的意思是“在......之前”，所以"preteen"指的就是在青春期之前。
This is usually between 9 to 13 years old, these are "preteens".
这表示的通常是9-13岁，在这个年龄段的孩子被称为"preteens"。
And this is before a child hits puberty, that's what "preteen" means.
就是经历青春期之前的孩子，这就是"preteen"的意思。
This is also a noun, we're talking about a person.
这也是一个名词，我们讲的是人。
And then, finally, our last two definitions for the types: "adolescent" and "teenager".
我们对年龄阶段划分的最后两个定义分别是"adolescent"和"teenager"（青少年）。
These words are synonyms, they're for people between the ages of 13 and 19.
这两个是同义词，都是指13-19岁之间的人。
So maybe you have "teenagers" at home, maybe you have "adolescents", maybe you are a "teenager".
也许你家有"teenagers"，也许你有"adolescents"，也许你本人就是一个"teenager"。
We can also shorten this, you will often hear the word "teen".
我们也可以把它简化，你经常会听到"teen"这个单词。
Okay, so now we're going to learn some vocabulary about what children do and what parents do.
好了，现在我们要来学习一些与孩子和父母的行为有关的单词。
So here are a couple vocabulary words that reflect...well, they are things that children do.
这些单词表现的是.....它们是孩子会做的一些事情。
So most of these are actions.
所以这些单词大多表示的都是行为。
Now, of course, children do a lot more things than the three things I have here, but these are words you may not know.
当然了，孩子做的事情远不止我列在这里的这三件，但这些是你可能不认识的单词。
They're words that can help you if you're doing TOEFL, IELTS, you know, they're higher level words.
这些能够帮助你应对托福和雅思考试，是比较高水平的单词。
So, the first word we have is "crawl".
我们要讲的第一个单词是"crawl"（爬行）。
"Crawl" is a verb and it's when children move, but they're not walking, they're on their arms and their knees.
"crawl"是一个动词，表示的是孩子在移动，但他们不是在走，而是用胳膊和膝盖移动。
"They crawl across the floor", so this is what babies do.
"They crawl across the floor"（他们在地上爬），这是孩子做的事情。
So first, babies just lie there, then they "crawl", and then they learn how to walk.
小宝宝们刚开始只是躺在那儿，接着会"crawl"，然后会学会走路。
So we can say: "Most infants learn to crawl between 7-12 months." Okay? So that's "crawl".
所以我们可以说："Most infants learn to crawl between 7-12 months."（大多数婴儿在7-12月大时会学着爬），这就是"crawl"的内容。
Next word: "temper tantrum".
下一个词："temper tantrum"（大发脾气）。
Okay? You can also use this for adults, although, this is mainly what children do.
也可以把这个词用在大人身上，不过这么做的主要还是孩子。
This is actually a noun, but if we use the verb "throw", we can say: "Throw a temper tantrum", so this is the phrase.
实际上这是一个名词，不过我们可以把它和"throw"这个动词一起用，可以说"throw a temper tantrum"（大发脾气），这是它的短语形式。
And when a child "throws a temper tantrum", they pretty much go crazy.
当孩子"throw a temper tantrum"时，他们就像疯了一样。
They start to cry, scream, kick, yell, hit, they lose their minds.
他们会开始大哭大叫，乱踢乱打，完全失去了理智。
And I've seen some pretty bad temper tantrums, they're not fun things to deal with.
我看到过一些孩子闹脾气闹得特别大，可不好对付呢。
So you can also say this about an adult, although if an adult is throwing a temper tantrum, you know, it's like saying they're just like a kid.
也可以用这个词来描述大人，不过如果说一个大人在"throwing a temper tantrum"，那就相当于在说他们就像孩子一样。
They can't control their emotions; they just go nuts. So that's "temper tantrum".
他们无法控制自己的情绪，失去了理智。以上就是"temper tantrum"的内容。
And again, just to highlight this, you "throw a temper tantrum".
再强调一下，这个词的用法是"throw a temper tantrum"，不要忘记这个动词。
Okay, our next verb is: "tattle".
好了，我们来讲下一个动词："tattle"（打小报告）。
So "tattle" is the verb, and "tattle" means when you tell on someone.
"tattle"是一个动词，意思是告发某人。
So somebody does something bad, and instead of keeping it to yourself, you run...
所以某个人做了坏事，你没有替他保密而是跑到.....
or maybe a child runs up to his mom and says: "Mommy, mommy, you know, my brother did this."
比如一个小孩子会跑到他妈妈面前说：“妈妈，妈妈，哥哥怎么怎么了”。
So that's an example, when you try to get someone in trouble.
这是一个例子，也就是你想让某人遭殃。
So, for example: "The boy tattled on his sister when she stole a pen."
比如："The boy tattled on his sister when she stole a pen."（当他的姐姐偷了一只钢笔时，这个小男孩告发了她）。
So the boy tried to get his sister in trouble, he told maybe their mom.
所以这个小男孩想让他的姐姐遭殃，他把这件事告诉了他们的妈妈。
So it's when you tell someone something to get someone in trouble.
所以这个动词的意思就是你告诉某个人某件事，以让另一个人遭殃。
Okay? And somebody who does this a lot, children call a "tattletale".
经常这么做的孩子被叫做"tattletale"（告状鬼，爱打小报告的人）。
So a "tattletale" is someone who always runs to their parent, saying: "Mommy, mommy, this person did this,
所以"tattletale"总是跑到父母面前说：“妈妈，妈妈，这个人怎么怎么了，
this person did that", you know, always trying to get someone in trouble.
那个人怎么怎么了”，总是想让别人不好过。
So this is not a nice thing to be called, especially when you're a kid.
所以这可不是什么好外号，尤其是在孩提时候。
I used to be called this all the time when I was a kid, because I was always the one who would run to my mom and tattle on everyone.
我小时候就总是被人这么叫，因为我总是跑到妈妈面前打各种人的小报告。
Okay, so now we are going to look at some key words parents...well, key things parents do.
好了，现在我们来看父母经常做的一些事情。
Okay. So what do parents do? Well, one thing they do is they "discipline" their children.
父母会做什么呢？他们做的一件事就是"discipline"（管教，纪律）他们的孩子。
So, "discipline" can be a verb or a noun, and it means...so some people have different definitions of this.
"discipline"既是一个动词也是一个名词，它的意思是......一些人对这个单词的定义有些不同。
One definition is it means to teach children rules.
一个定义是表示教孩子规矩。
Another definition, some might say is to punish children.
另一个定义是，一些人可能会说这是惩罚孩子的意思。
So you might hear "punishment", you might hear "to teach children rules".
所以你可能会听到“惩罚”，也可能会听到“教孩子规矩”。
And so let's look at an example: "I discipline my children with time-outs."
我们来看一个例句吧："I discipline my children with time-outs."（我用静思来管教孩子）。
So one method of raising children is if they act bad...if they misbehave, sorry, parents might make them sit down away from other children for 10 minutes.
养育孩子的一个方法就是当他们不乖的时候，父母会让他们远离其他孩子，坐十分钟。
They're not allowed to play, they're not allowed to do anything, that's a "time-out".
不让他们玩，不让他们做任何事情，那就是"time-out"。
Maybe they have to sit in their room, they're not allowed to do anything, that's a "time out".
可能他们必须坐在自己房间里，不允许做任何事情，那就是"time-out"。
So that's one form of discipline.
这是管教的一种形式。
Another form of discipline may be "spanking", our next word.
另一种管教的形式可能是"spanking"（打屁股），这也是我们要讲的下一个单词。
So "spank" is a verb, and it means to hit a child on the butt.
"spank"是一个动词，意思是打孩子的屁股。
Okay? So, I...there's a big debate in North America right now on whether or not spanking your kid is okay.
在北美，人们现在对“是否应该打孩子的屁股”争论不休。
Some people say yes, some people say no.
一些人说可以，一些人说不行。
Well, I'll show you our example sentence, this is true.
我给你们看一下我们的例句，这说的是真事儿。
"When I was a kid, my mom used to cry when she spanked us."
"When I was a kid, my mom used to cry when she spanked us."（我小时候，我妈妈打了我们之后会哭）。
So she felt so bad about it, she...it was always just a little hit, you know, we didn't even feel anything,
她对此感到非常内疚，她......其实她只是轻轻地打了我们一下，我们甚至一点感觉都没有，
but we would always pretend to cry to make her feel bad and to make her cry, actually.
但是我们总是会装哭让她感觉内疚，让她哭出来。
So we were not the nicest children, but: "My mom used to cry when she spanked us."
我们不是最乖的孩子，但是"My mom used to cry when she spanked us."。
Okay, another form of discipline that parents might use is "grounding".
好了，父母可能会用的另一种管教手段就是"grounding"（禁足）。
So "ground" is the verb, "grounded" is the adjective.
动词形式是"ground"，"grounded"是形容词。
Okay? So what happens when you are grounded?
被禁足是怎么样的呢？
It's a form of punishment where you're not allowed to leave your house, you're not allowed sometimes to leave your room.
这种惩罚的内容就是不准你离开家门，有时候甚至不准离开你自己的房间。
Your parents may take away your television, your computer, your cellphone.
你的父母可能会没收你的电视、电脑、手机。
So they...you know, you're allowed to go to school, but that's about it.
他们会让你去上学，但仅此而已。
Or maybe church, if you go to church or a mosque, or wherever you go, but you're not allowed to hang out with your friends, you're not allowed to go see movies.
或者他们还会允许你去教堂，如果你们有去教堂或清真寺等宗教场所的习惯的话，但是他们不准你和朋友们出去玩，不准你去看电影。
You're not allowed to do fun things, so that's what happens when you are grounded.
不准你做任何有趣的事情，被禁足就是这样的。
And so, if you watch North American TV, you'll probably hear... if there's ever a TV show where there's a child and a parent,
如果你看美剧的话，可能会听到......如果电视剧里有孩子和父母，
at some point you'll probably hear these words: "You're grounded.", meaning you can't go out, you're being punished.
在某个时候你可能会听到下面这句话："You're grounded."（你被禁足了），意思是你不能出门，你在受罚。
Okay? And finally, the last word we have on this list is "raise".
最后，我们要讲的最后一个词是"raise"（抚养）。
So not "rise", "raise" with an "a", "ai", "raise" is a verb and it means to take care of children, and to bring up children, to teach children until they become adults.
注意，不是"rise"，中间有个"a"，是"raise"，"ai"，"raise"是一个动词，意思是在孩子成年之前照顾他们，把他们养大，教育他们。
So you're looking at the period of time from when they're children or even babies to adults, that period of time.
所以我们讲的这段时间是从他们的儿童时期或者甚至婴幼儿时期到成人，讲的是这一段时间。
It's when the parents or guardians take care of the children.
意思是父母或监护人照顾他们的孩子。
So, oftentimes, when parents talk, they like their children to be a certain way, so they say: "I raised my son to be honest.",
通常父母讲话时，他们想要孩子成长成某个样子，所以他们会说："I raised my son to be honest."（我教我的儿子要当一个诚实的人），
"I raised my daughter to respect others.", "I raised my children to be hard-working."
"I raised my daughter to respect others."（我教我的女儿要尊重他人）， "I raised my children to be hard-working."（我教我的孩子们要努力）。
So, you often hear parents say these sentences, especially as their children get older.
所以你经常会听到父母这么说，尤其是当他们的孩子长大的时候。
Okay, so I hope you've enjoyed this video.
好了，希望你们喜欢这个视频。
So, again, it's very important for people who are doing the TOEFL, IELTS, if you get a question about childhood or children,
再说一次，这对要参加托福和雅思考试的人来说非常重要，如果你拿到了关于童年或孩子的题目，
you can use any of these terms, and it may improve your vocabulary mark.
这些词都可以用，这也许会提高你的词汇分哦。
This video's also good for anyone with children.
这个视频也很适合有孩子的人。
So, I invite you to come to our website at www. engvid. com, and you can practice out these words in our quiz.So, until next time, take care.
我邀请你们登陆我们的网站 www. engvid. com，你们可以用我们的小测验练习这些单词。那么，下次见啦，保重。