Hi there, my name is Emma and in today's video, we're going to talk about the test known as the IELTS.
大家好，我的名字叫 Emma，在今天的视频中，我们要来讲讲被称为雅思的这个考试。
So if you are going to be writing the IELTS, this video is for you.
所以如果你要参加雅思考试，这个视频很适合你。
Now, in this video we're talking specifically about if you're writing the academic IELTS.
在这个视频中，我们所指的是你是否要参加学术类雅思考试。
If you're, you know, just here for general interest, you can still learn quite a bit from this video because we will be talking about different vocabulary and grammar.
如果你只是出于一般的兴趣而来这儿的，你仍然可以从这个视频中学到不少东西，因为我们会讲一讲不同的词汇和语法。
So this video can also help you if you're not taking the IELTS also.
所以如果你不参加雅思考试，这个视频对你也有帮助。
Okay, so what are we going to be talking about specifically in this video?
好了，在这个视频中我们具体要讲什么？
Well, if you're taking the IELTS, you probably know that there's a writing part of the IELTS.
如果你要参加雅思考试，你可能知道雅思考试中有一个写作部分。

The writing part has two sections, we call them Writing Task 1 and Writing Task 2.
写作部分有两个部分，我们把它们叫做小作文和大作文。
In this video, I'm going to cover a small bit of Writing Task 1.
在这个视频中，我会讲一丢丢小作文的内容。
So, in Writing Task 1, you're going to be given some sort of visual image.
在小作文中，你会拿到某种视觉图。
Okay? So you might see something like this, this, or this.
知道了吗？所以你可能看到像这样、这样或这样的内容。
It might be a chart, it might be a table, but you're going to see some sort of visual and you need to describe what you're seeing.
那可能是一个图表，可能是个表格，但是你会看到某种视觉图，而你需要描述你看到的内容。
So this video...I've covered different types of Writing Task 1 and I'll talk about the links to some of these other videos at the end,
所以这个视频......我已经讲过了小作文的不同类型，我在最后会告诉你其他那些视频的链接，
but in this specific video, we're going to be talking about bar graphs.
但是在这个视频中，我们要讲的是柱状图。
Okay? So, first of all: What is a bar graph?Well, so I have here three different types of charts or graphs.
那么，首先，什么是柱状图？在这里我有三种不同的图表类型。
We have this one, this one, and this one.This is called a pie chart. Okay?
有这个，这个和这个。这个叫做饼状图，知道了吗？
I've covered this in another video, so if you're interested in learning how to write about pie charts, you can check out that video.
我在另一个视频中讲过这个，所以如果你对学习如何描写饼状图有兴趣，可以去看看那个视频。
But you'll notice with a pie chart it looks kind of like a pizza or a pie.
但是你会注意到，饼状图看上去有点像披萨或派。
It's in a circle and it's...has different colours representing different percents.We have here...this is called a line graph.
它是圆形的，有不同的颜色代表不同的比例。这个叫做线形图。
So you'll notice that there's a line and, you know, sometimes this represents time, sometimes it represents other things,
你会注意到这里有一条线，有时候这代表的是时间，有时候代表的是其他事情，
but with a line graph you'll notice, like, increases and decreases, but it's one connected line.
但是在线形图中你会注意到增减，但它是一整条线。
We're not covering either of these in this video.
在这个视频中，这两个我们都不讲。
What we're going to be covering is another thing you might see on the IELTS, which is you might be given a picture like this.
我们要讲的是你可能会在雅思中看到的另一种图，他们可能会给你像这样的图。
This is called a bar graph or a bar chart.
这个叫做条形图或柱状图。
So we have here these rectangular-shaped things that are each a different colour.These are known as bars. Okay?
这里有这些矩形的图案，每一个的颜色都不一样。这些被称为“条形”，知道了吗？
So, I know a bar is a place you go to buy beer, but in this case a bar is not that, it's actually this kind of rectangle on the chart.
我知道 "bar" （酒吧；条，棒）是你去买酒的地方，但是在这里，它不是那个意思，它指的是图表上的这种矩形。
So, on the IELTS, you may get a picture of something like this.
在雅思考试中，你可能会拿到像这样的图片。
You might actually get a picture of two things together, or you might get a picture of something a lot more complicated than this.
事实上，你可能会拿到包含了这两个图表的图，或者可能会拿到比这个复杂得多的图表的图。
In this case, we're going to talk about: what would you do and say, and what are some tips if you get a picture of a bar graph or a bar chart.
我们在这里要讲的是：你要怎么做、怎么说，如果你拿到了柱状图的图片有些什么小技巧。
Okay, so what are you going to have to do?
好了，那么你要怎么做呢？
Specifically they're going to ask you...after you get a picture like this, they're going to ask you to describe what you see.
具体来说，他们会让你......看到像这样的图片后，他们会让你描述你看到的内容。
Okay? So you're describing the main information.
知道了吗？所以你要描述主要的信息。
You're also going to have to maybe make comparisons, say how things are similar or how things are different, which is contrast.
你还必须要进行比较，讲一讲有什么相似之处，或者有什么不同的地方，也就是对比。
So, for example, if this is, you know, different activities, maybe you might say that the red is shopping and the blue is golfing.
举个例子，假设这代表的是不同的活动，也许你会说红色部分表示的是购物，而蓝色的部分是打高尔夫。
In this case, shopping is less popular than golfing. Okay?
在这个图中，购物不如打高尔夫受欢迎。
So pretty much you need to compare the different bars and say: what are the same about them?
所以基本上你需要比较不同的条形，然后描述它们之间有什么共同点。
Which ones are similar and which ones are different?You're also going to have to report any main features or trends.
讲一讲哪些是相似的，哪些是不同的。你还要报告所有的主要特征或趋势。
Okay? So maybe you'll see a pattern and you're going to have to write about, you know, some of these main points you see when you look at the visualization.
你可能会发现一种模式，你要写一写你看视觉图时发现的一些要点。
You do not write your opinion. Okay?
不要写你的观点，知道了吗？
So if this is a graph on education, maybe this is elementary school, secondary school, university, master's,
如果这是个关于教育的图表，可能这些依次是小学、中学、大学、硕士
and like a doctorate or something, you do not write what you think about it. Okay?
博士什么的，你不要写你对它的看法。
All you do is...in this type of question, you're just writing what you see and what it means.You're not writing your opinion on anything.
你要做的就是......在这种类型的题目中，你只要写下你看到的内容，和它的意思。你对任何事情的观点都不要写。
So you should not write the words: "I think" or "In my opinion", you'll actually lose marks for this.
所以你不应该写像“我认为”或“在我看来”这样的字眼，事实上你会因此丢分的。
So in task 1, no opinion, that's for Task 2.Okay, so for something like this, and we will look at an example question, you have about 20 minutes.
所以在小作文中不要加入观点，那是留到大作文写的。好了，在这样的题目中，我们稍后会看一个题目范例，你有大约20分钟的时间完成这道题。
You know, you're responsible for your timing, but something like this should take you about 20 minutes and you need to write at least 150 words.
你自己决定用时啦，但是像这样的题目应该花的时间大约是20分钟，而且你需要写至少150个单词。
If you write less, you lose marks.So it's very important to write at least 150 words.
如果写得少于150，你就会丢分。所以一定要写到至少150个单词。
There is such a thing as too many words, so you don't have to write 800, that would be very bad.
还有一种情况是写得过多了，所以你不需要写800个单词，那太糟糕了。
You know, writing 500 would be very bad.You're aiming for around 150 words.
写500个单词就很不好了。你的目标是150个单词左右。
You know, maybe 170 is fine, but you don't want to write way too much either.
或许写170个单词没关系，但是也不能写得过多了。
Okay, so now we're going to look at an example of a question for this and some more tips on how to...how to write when you look at a bar graph.
好了，那么现在我们要来看一个这方面的题目范例，以及再讲一些关于看到柱状图时应该如何描写的技巧。
Okay, so I have here an example of an IELTS question.So, here's the chart and here is the question itself.
我这里有一个雅思题目的范例。这里是图表，而这里是题目。
It says: "The chart shows information about changes in the average housing prices in three different cities between 1990 and 2000.
题目内容是：“图表上显示的信息是1990-2000年间三个不同城市平均房价的变化。
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and making comparisons where relevant."
选出并写下主要特征，相关处进行对比，总结图表上的信息。”
So, for a question like this you will again have about 20 minutes, and you'll also have...you have to write about 150 words.
再说一遍，你有大约20分钟的时间完成像这样的题目，你还要写大约150个单词。
So, what do a lot of students do when they see this?They go: "Oh my gosh, I...I don't know what to do, I panic."
那么，很多学生看到这种题目时会做什么呢？他们会想：“我的天呐，我不知道要怎么做，好慌啊。”
Right? A lot of students get really stressed out, but this is something you can do.
是吧？很多学生会非常紧张，但这是你能做到的事情。
So, the No. 1 thing you need to do is take a breath, first thing, and then think about what are you seeing.
你要做的第一件事就是深呼吸，这是第一件事，然后思考一下你在看什么。
Don't just start writing.Think about what can you actually see, what is happening here?
不要直接就开始写。思考一下你真正能看到什么，图表上是什么情况。
Okay. So, for example, here we have on this side...this is called the Y axis.We have the percentage of change in housing prices.
好了，举个例子，这一边有......这个被叫做 Y 轴。这里有房价变化的百分比。
Okay, so I see the word here "percent" and I see the numbers 10,5, -5, and -10.
好了，我看到这里有“百分比”这个词，我看到了数字“10”，“5”，“-5”和“-10”。
So this is showing percent. Okay?And what kind of percent is it showing?
所以这里显示的是百分比。它显示的是什么样的百分比？
Housing prices, so the cost of buying a house.How has it changed over time?
房价，也就是买房子的费用。它在一段时间内发生了什么变化。
And then I can also look here and here.Okay, so we're looking at the year 1990 and we're comparing it to 2000.
然后我还可以看这里和这里。好了，我们看的是1990年，我们要把它和2000年进行比较。
Usually the graph would also have a title.I didn't have enough space to write the title, but in terms of the visual, you might see something like this.
通常图表还会有一个标题。我没有地方写标题了，但是在视觉图上，你可能会看到类似的内容。
There are different types of bar graphs.
柱状图有不同的类型。
So sometimes you'll just have, you know, maybe one part of it, sometimes you'll have multiple bar graphs you need to interpret,
有时候你只会碰到可能一部分，有时候需要解读好几种柱状图，
sometimes you'll have a pie graph and a bar graph, so key here is take your time to really think about what you're seeing.
有时候会看到一个饼状图和一个柱状图一起，所以关键就是要花时间好好想想你在看的是什么。
So in this case, we have three different colours: blue, green, and red; and we have three different cities: Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver.
在这个例子中，我们有三种不同的颜色：蓝色、绿色和红色；还有三个不同的城市：多伦多、蒙特利尔和温哥华。
So, I made up this, by the way.This is not actually reflective of housing prices in these cities.
顺便说一下，这是我编出来的。不是这些城市的房价的真实体现。
I have no idea what housing prices are right now, so you know, don't take this as fact because it's made up numbers.
我不知道现在的房价是多少，所以不要把这个当成事实，因为这些数字都是编出来的。
So when you look at this, what can we see right away?Well, we can find Toronto.
那么当你看着这个图时，我们能立马看到什么？我们能找到多伦多。
This is Toronto in 1990 and this is Toronto in 2000. Okay?If I look here, this is about 5% and here it's 10%.
这是1990年的多伦多，这是2000年的多伦多。看这里的话，这大约是5%，而这个是10%。
I can also look at Montreal.Montreal here is in the negatives.
我还可以看看蒙特利尔。蒙特利尔在这里是负数。
It's -5%, compared to here in 2000 which is 5%, so it's a positive number.
它是-5%，与此对比的是2000年，百分比为5%，所以这是个正数。
And then we can look at red which represents Vancouver, this is the same as Toronto, it's 5%, and this is, again, the same as Toronto, 5%.
然后我们可以看看红色的条形，它代表的是温哥华，这和多伦多是一样，是5%，这里又和多伦多一样，是5%。
So, you can start by asking yourself some questions. Okay?What are you looking at?
所以你可以从问自己一些问题开始。你在看的是什么？
You can look at the bars and think about: which is the tallest bar?So in this case the tallest bar in 1990 are both Toronto and Vancouver.
你可以看看这些条形，然后想：哪个条形最高？在这里，1990年最高的条形属于多伦多和温哥华。
In 2000, the tallest bars are also Toronto and Vancouver.You can look at the shortest bar.
2000年最高的条形还是多伦多和温哥华。你可以看看最短的条形。
Well, in this case, in terms of negative, we see Montreal. Okay?In this case, again, it's Montreal.
在这里，在负数方面，我们看到了蒙特利尔。这里也还是蒙特利尔。
So looking at which is the tallest and which is the shortest can...are some questions you want to ask yourself right off the bat.
看看哪一个是最高的，哪一个是最短的可以......是你一开始就要问自己的问题。
You also want to look at change over time. Okay?You know: How is this graph changing?
还要看经过一段时间后的变化。比如：这个图表有怎样的变化？
Is something increasing?Is something decreasing?
是在增加吗？是在减少吗？
In this case, we see Toronto increased, Montreal increased, and Vancouver increased.
在这个图中，我们看到多伦多增加了，蒙特利尔增加了，温哥华增加了。
Everything has increased over time.
所有的百分比经过一段时间后都增加了。
You also want to compare: how are these bars the same and how are they different?
你还要比较一下这些条形有哪些一样的地方，有哪些不同的地方。
So I'll look, okay, you know, in this case, Toronto and Vancouver are the same,
于是我会看，好的，在这个部分，多伦多和温哥华是一样的。
Montreal is different.Toronto and Vancouver have both increased, Montreal has decreased.
蒙特利尔和它们不一样。多伦多和温哥华都增加了，蒙特利尔减少了。
In this case, all three have increased, but Toronto and Vancouver are greater.
在这个部分，这三个全都增加了，但是多伦多和温哥华增加得更多一些。
You know, they show greater increase than Montreal.
它们增加得比蒙特利尔多。
So noticing these types of patterns and just really analyzing "What are you seeing?" will really help you in terms of your answer.
所以注意这些模式的类型，并且认真分析“你在看的是什么”真的对你作答有帮助。
So key point here: don't just write, take a minute to actually understand what you are looking at.
所以要点就是不要直接写，花一点时间真正理解你在看的内容。
Okay, now let's look at some other tips on how to do...how to analyze a bar graph.
好了，现在我们来看一些分析柱状图的其他技巧。
Okay, so you've now understood what you're looking at.
现在你弄懂了自己在看的内容。
You've read the question carefully and you've also looked at the visual, in this case, a bar graph.
你认真阅读了题目，还看了视觉图，在这里也就是柱状图。
So what do you do next?Well, it's a good idea to have a plan on how to do these questions.
那么下一步怎么做呢？把如何回答这些问题列成计划是个不错的主意。
So, for example, what I would recommend is first write an introduction.Your introduction should not be long. Okay?
举个例子，我推荐的做法是首先写个开头。开头不要很长，知道了吗？
A lot of students, they start the introduction and then they run out of time because they spent too much time on the introduction.
很多学生开始写开头，然后时间不够用了，这是因为他们在开头部分花了太多时间。
For this, you only really need to write maybe two sentences for your introduction.
开头部分其实只需要写大概两个句子。
What your sentences should say in your introduction is...it should pretty much say all of this, so you need to talk about what kind of chart it is.
开头部分的句子应该写......差不多应该包括所有这些内容，所以你要介绍一下这是个什么类型的图表。
In this case, it's a bar chart or a bar graph, and you can pretty much say all of this information.
这里是个柱状图或条形图，然后你差不多可以把所有这些信息都写上。
Now here's the tricky thing: you can't just copy what you see here.
棘手的问题来了，你不能直接把你看到的内容抄下来。
Okay? So in your answer, your answer should not be, you know,
懂了吗？所以你的答案不应该是：
"The chart shows information about changes in the average housing prices in three different cities between 1990 and 2000."
这个图表显示的信息是1990年至2000年间三个不同城市的平均房价变化。”
If you copy the question, you will lose marks.
如果你把题目照抄下来，你会丢分的。
Okay? It does not show what you're capable of, so do not copy the words in the question.
知道了吗？它并没有显示出你的能力，所以不要照抄题目中的文字。
You need to use your own words to say all of this information, but use your own words.
你要用自己的语言来表达这些信息，但是一定要用你自己的语言。
Okay? So one way to do this: instead of saying...if they say: "chart" here, you can change that to "bar graph". Okay?
懂了吗？一种做法就是，与其说......如果他们这里说的是 "chart"，你可以把它变成 "bar graph"。
Instead of using the word "show", maybe you can use the word "demonstrate" or "indicate" or, you know, "represents", "illustrates".
不要用 "show" 这个单词，或许你可以用 "demonstrate" 或 "indicate"，或者 "represents"，"illustrates"。
So there's a lot of great words you can use instead of the word "show".In terms of the three different cities, you can actually name the cities.
有很多很棒的单词都可以用来代替 "show"。至于题干中说的三个不同的城市，你其实可以把这些城市的名字写出来。
In this case we looked at Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver.
在这个案例中，我们讲的是多伦多，蒙特利尔，温哥华。
You know, you'll also have to include details about the dates, but you can change some of these words around.
你还必须写上关于日期的细节，但是你可以换掉其中一些词。
Instead of: "average housing prices", maybe you could change that to: "the price of housing".You know, so there's different things you can do.
或许你可以把“平均房价”换成“房屋的价格”。所以有很多不同的做法。
Main point here is change the wording and change the sentence structure if you can.
要点就是改变用词，如果可以的话改变句子结构。
So that's key in your introduction.Again, you are not giving your opinion here. Okay?
那么以上就是开头部分的关键。再说一遍，在这里不要给出自己的观点，知道了吗？
So whether you think: "Oh, it's great that, you know, all these Canadian cities, you know, their housing prices are going down", you don't give your opinion about it.
所以无论你是不是想着“啊，太棒了，这些加拿大城市的房价都在下降”，不要给出你自己对于此的观点。
Okay, the next thing you should do...so, your introduction is, again, about maybe two sentences.
接下来要做的......再说一下，你的开头部分大约是两句话。
You can now give a sentence or two about the main trend you see.
你现在可以用一两个句子讲讲你看到的主要趋势。
So the main trend is the most important or the...the most...you know, the thing you see that is kind of like the biggest thing.
主要趋势是最重要或者......你看到的是最大的情况。
So in this case we looked at housing prices of Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal.
在这个案例中，我们看了温哥华、多伦多和蒙特利尔的房价。
One thing that was a very big trend is that everything increased.
一个很大的趋势是所有的都增加了。
All of the cities increased over time in terms of their housing prices.That's a main trend.
经过一段时间后，这些城市的房价全都增加了。那就是主要趋势。
So anything that's a big pattern that when you look at, you notice: "Okay, all of these things show the same pattern" or maybe,
大模式就是你看的时候注意到：“好吧，这所有的显示的都是同一种模式”，
you know, it might be that one of the main trends is that Vancouver is the most expensive and Montreal is the least expensive.
或者可能主要趋势之一是温哥华是最贵的，而蒙特利尔是最不贵的。
These types of things are things that you can write about overall.
这些类型的事情就是你可以整体描述的事情。
So in terms of when you're talking about main trends, there's two great words to use."Overall" or, and I'll just put that here, "In general".
谈论主要趋势时有两个很棒的单词可以用。"overall"，或者，我就直接写在这里了，"in general"。
So these are two great words that can start off this sentence where you can show off what is the big picture or the main idea.
描述大体情况或主要概念时，可以用这两个很棒的单词作为句子开头。
Okay, and that should be maybe, you know, two sentences.After you finish the main trend, then you're going to have a new paragraph.
那应该是两个句子。介绍完主要趋势后，你要另起一段。
And in this new paragraph is where you're going to say most of the details. Okay?
在新的这一段中，你要写出大部分的详细内容，知道了吗？
So you're going to say specific numbers.
所以你要写出具体的数字。
You're going to, you know, really do comparing and contrasting between them.
你要真正地对它们进行比较和对照。
Toronto is like this, Vancouver is like this, Montreal is like this, and you're going to look at each thing individually and, you know, together.
多伦多是这样的，温哥华是这样的，蒙特利尔是这样，你要单独地分析每一个内容，还要把它们结合在一起。
So in this case the key here is detail.
所以在这种情况下，关键的是细节。
Okay? So you want to have as much specifics and detail as possible, and you're pretty much summarizing what you see, but paying attention to specific numbers and specific details.
懂了吗？你要尽可能多地写下具体内容和细节，基本上要把你看到的内容总结起来，但是要多加注意具体数字和具体细节。
A good tip with this...so this is where the majority, your biggest paragraph is going to be here.
这方面的一个好建议......这是大头，这是你最大的段落。
You can introdu...you can use your introduction and the main trend as one paragraph if you want, or two, but your biggest paragraph is going to be the detailed description.
如果想的话，你可以把开头和主要趋势合为一段，或者两段，但是你最大的段落得是详细的描述。
Okay? This should be, you know, maybe five, six sentences, so it should be a lot longer, maybe even more.
应该要有可能五六句话，所以它应该要长得多，甚至可能更长。
In this case, what you want to do is you want to write the most important and talk about it, or the biggest trend you see, and then go smaller to something that maybe isn't so important.
在这种情况下，你要做的就是描写最重要的内容，或者你看到的最大的趋势，然后缩小范围，讲一讲可能不是那么重要的内容。
So you're paying attention to the most important information, and then you're going to the least important information, but you're including it all.
所以你要注意最重要的信息，然后要注意最不重要的信息，但是你要把它们全都囊括在内。
And finally, you can write a conclusion.It's not necessary, but it does wrap up your answer quite nicely.
最后，你可以写一个结论。不是非得写，但是它确实能相当好地结束你的作答。
And your conclusion can just be one sentence just explaining, you know, what you saw in one sentence.
你的结论可以只有一句话，就用一句话解释一下你看到的内容。
So this is a good plan on how to write...how to write when you're describing a bar graph.
当你要描述一个柱状图时，这是一个不错的写作大纲。
All right, so now let's look at some more tips on how to do this type of answer.
好了，现在我们再来看一些关于如何回答这种类型题目的小技巧。
Okay, so one way to deal with...you know, you're going to be very nervous probably or maybe a bit anxious while you're writing the IELTS,
一种应对办法是......你在考雅思时可能会很紧张或者可能有点不安，
one way to deal with this with the writing is to actually have some phrases memorized that you're used to using.
一种应对写作的办法就是背一些你习惯用的短语。
This can help you save time, and as well this can help you with the word count on the IELTS because you need at least 150 words.
这能帮你节约时间，还能在雅思写作的字数方面帮到你，因为你需要至少150个单词。
So, I have here some key phrases.
我这里有一些关键短语。
You don't have to memorize all of them, but maybe pick one or two and you can use this on the IELTS, practice these, and you know,
你不必把它们都背下来，但或许可以挑一两个，你可以把这个用在雅思考试中，练习一下这些短语，
they can really help with your describing of a bar chart or a bar graph.
它们真的能够在描述柱状图或条形图时帮到你。
So, for example: "It is clear that..."
举个例子：“显然......”。
If we looked at the example we were just using: "It is clear that Vancouver has had the greatest increase in average housing prices."
看一看我们刚才用的例子：“显然温哥华的平均房价增加得最多。”
"It is clear that Montreal has, you know, increased a little bit." Okay?
“显然蒙特利尔的增加了一点点。”
So pretty much you can use this as the beginning of your sentence to talk about some of the patterns you're seeing.
所以你基本上可以用这个短语作为句子的开头来描述你看到的一些模式。
What's even better than this is the next one: "It is clearly evident that..."Why is this better to use?
比这个还要好的是下一个短语：“显而易见的是......”。为什么用这个更好？
Well, for the simple reason of it's longer and you need to, you know, have 150 words. Right?
理由很简单，它更长，而你需要写到150个单词，对吧？
So each word you use counts.So let's count: one, two, three, four; versus one, two, three, four, five.
所以你用的每一个词都是作数的。我们来数一下：一，二，三，四；而这里是：一，二，三，四，五。
So you're getting an extra word in there.We can also use the next one: "We can see from the chart that..."
所以那里多得了一个单词。我们还可以用下一个：“我们从图表中可以看出......”。
Or: "We can see from the bar graph that..."Again, you just insert the information, whatever it is that you're looking at.
或者“我们可以从柱状图中看出......”。还是一样，你直接加入信息，把你看到的内容写进去。
You know, this is a way to introduce what you're seeing.You can also say: "According to the bar chart..." or "According to the bar graph..."
这是一种介绍你看到的内容的方法。你还可以说：“根据柱状图......”或者“根据条形图......”。
So these are great expressions you can use which will really help you save time thinking about how to start a sentence.
这些是你可以用的很棒的短语，可以真的帮你在思考如何开始一个句子时节约时间。
But, you know, here's a bit of caution: don't reuse the same one again and again and again.
但是有一点要小心：不要一遍一遍又一遍地重复使用同一个短语。
You don't want to use this for each sentence you're writing.
不要每写一个句子都用这个短语。
Okay? So it's good to know these, but use a couple of them and don't use them for each sentence because you don't want it to have too much repetition.
懂了吗？知道这些短语是很不错，但是要用几个，不要每个句子都用，因为不能重复太多。
Okay, another thing that will help you in terms of describing bar charts or bar graphs is your vocabulary.
好了，另一个在描述柱状图或条形图时会帮到你的是你的词汇量。
It's very important that you have, you know, a high level of vocabulary for the IELTS.
一定要有高水平的雅思词汇量。
You want to show that you know multiple words that have the same meaning, but that the words are different.
你要显示出同一个意思你知道好几个单词，但是这些是不同的单词。
So I'll give you an example.One thing we just talked about was housing prices and how there's been an increase.
我给你举个例子。我们刚讲过的一个内容是房价以及它有所增加。
So I could say: "Toronto's housing prices have increased", and, you know, I'd probably give the amount at 5%.
所以我可以说：“多伦多的房价增加了”，然后我可能会给出数量，增加了5%。
Now, this is great, but one problem students have is they keep using the same word again and again and again, and so they don't get as high a score on their vocabulary.
这很棒，但是学生会出现的一个问题是他们会一遍一遍又一遍地使用同一个单词，所以他们在词汇方面得不到高分。
So we could add something to this to make it, you know, a bit more special or a bit better.
我们可以往句子里加些东西，使它更特殊一点，或者更好一点。
You know, maybe we could add an adverb.We have words like: "dramatically", or "steadily".
或许我们可以加个副词。我们可以用像 "dramatically" 或 "steadily" 这样的词。
So there's different things..."slightly", which means just a little bit.So we can add an adverb here to describe what kind of increase was it?
有不同的内容...... 还可以用 "slightly"，表示只有一点点。所以我们可以在这里加上一个副词来描述增长的类型。
Was it a big increase or a small increase?We can also use "increase" as a noun.
是大增长还是小增长？我们还可以把 "increase" 用作一个名词。
In this case it's a verb, but we can change this so it's in the noun form now.
在这个句子中它是个动词，但是我们可以改动一下，这样它现在就是名词形式了。
"There has been an increase in Toronto's housing prices."Or we can use a different word altogether.
“多伦多的房价有所增长。”或者我们可以用个不同的词。
"There has been a rise", "a rise" is a synonym of increase.They have the same meaning, but they're different words.
“有所上升”，"rise" 和 "increase" 是同义词。它们的意思是一样的，但是是不同的单词。
So finding synonyms that, you know...you'll often have to talk about increases and decreases, so finding...and staying steady.
所以找到同义词......你经常要谈论增加和减少，所以找到......还有保持平稳。
So finding ways to, you know, to say these words but to have multiple words that mean the same thing,
为了提高雅思写作的词汇分，找到方法来写这些词，找到意思相同的好几个词，
synonyms of these words is really, really a good idea in order to improve your vocabulary mark on your writing for the IELTS.
找到这些单词的同义词是个非常非常好的主意。
Okay, so let's look at some more tips on how to improve.
好了，我们再来看一些关于如何改进的建议。
Okay, so I have two more tips on how to really help you with looking and analyzing bar charts or bar graphs.
好了，我还有两个关于如何真正帮你看并分析柱状图或条形图的建议。
One of them is knowing your grammar.
其中之一是了解语法。
You get marked on the IELTS for how well you're able to write in terms of your grammar.
在雅思考试中，他们会根据你的语法能力给你打分。
So, on this task when you're looking at bar charts, you're often asked to compare different things.
所以，在这个部分，当你在看柱状图时，他们通常会要求你比较不同的内容。
So in the case that we looked at before, you had to compare Vancouver to Toronto to Montreal, but you might be comparing different things.
在我们之前看过的例子中，你必须比较温哥华和多伦多还有蒙特利尔，但是你可能要比较不同的内容。
Maybe you're comparing, you know, hobbies of men to hobbies of women.
也许你要比较男人的兴趣爱好和女人的兴趣爱好。
Or maybe you're looking at different ages and, you know, levels of schooling or something like that.
或者可能你要看的是不同的年龄，不同水平的学校教育之类的。
So you'll probably have to compare and contrast different things.
所以你可能必须比较和对照不同的内容。
So one thing you should know is how to make superlative sentences and comparative sentences.
你应该了解的一个内容是如何写出最高级的句子和比较级的句子。
So as a reminder, superlatives is when you're comparing three things or more, you could be comparing three, four, five, six, ten, you use the superlative.
提醒一下，最高级是用在比较三个及以上事物时的，你可以比较三个、四个、五个、六个、十个，这时候用最高级。
And what you're doing is you're saying out of those three things, which is the highest?
你要做的是说出在那三种事物中，哪一个是最高的。
Which is the lowest?Which is the greatest?Pretty much you can do it with anything.
哪一个是最低的。哪一个是最棒的。基本上所有事物都可以用最高级。
For example, if you're looking at mountains, a superlative would be: "Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world."
举个例子，如果你要比较山，那最高级可以是：“珠穆朗玛峰是世界最高峰。”
So superlatives have this ending, "est" and it also has "the" in front of it. Okay?
最高级的词尾是 "est"，前面还要加上 "the"，知道了吗？
So what we were talking about with housing prices, "Vancouver has the highest housing prices", as an example.
用我们刚才谈到的房价作为例子的话，“温哥华的房价最高。”
You also have here "the least" and "the most".These are also superlatives.Then we have these things called comparatives.
这里还有 "the least" 和 "the most"。这些也是最高级。然后是叫做比较级的内容。
We use comparatives when we're comparing two things.
当我们在比较两个东西的时候，我们用比较级。
So superlatives, this, is for three or more; comparatives are when you're just comparing two different things.
这边的最高级是用来比较三个及以上事物的，而比较级是用来比较两个不同的事物的。
So, for example, if we wanted to compare Montreal and Toronto, we could say: "Toronto has a higher population than Montreal."
所以举个例子，如果我们想比较蒙特利尔和多伦多，我们可以说：“多伦多的人口比蒙特利尔多。”
Or, you know, with housing prices: "Montreal had a smaller increase than Toronto."
或者比较房价：“蒙特利尔的涨幅小于多伦多。”
Okay? So the key here is you have "er" and you also have "than".So these are comparatives.
这里的要点就是词尾要加 "er"，句子中还要有 "than"。这些是比较级的内容。
Another thing that you can really do to help your mark on the IELTS and your vocabulary is using different transition words for compare and contrast.
另一个有助于提高你的雅思分数和词汇分的内容是比较和对照时使用不同的过渡词。
Compare is where you're saying how things are the same or similar.Contrast is when you're saying how things are different.
比较就是你在说事物是如何相同或相似的。对照就是说事物之间有哪些不同。
So on the IELTS Task 1 you're going to have to say how things are similar and how things are different.
所以在雅思考试的小作文中，你要讲一讲事物如何相似，以及事物如何不同。
So, in terms of contrast we have some great examples of expressions here.You can use the words: "In contrast,".
关于对照，我们这里有一些很不错的短语范例。你可以用“与此相反”。
So, for example: "Vancouver has very high housing prices.In contrast, Montreal has low housing prices."
举个例子：“温哥华的房价非常高。与此相反，蒙特利尔的房价很低。”
You can use the words: "On the contrary," in the same way as "In contrast,".You can also use the verb form of "different".
你可以用“相反”，用法和“与此相反”一样。你还可以用 "different" 的动词形式。
A lot of students don't know about this word, but I think it's great whenever you're doing comparisons.
很多学生不认识这个单词，但是我认为作比较的时候用它再合适不过了。
"Differ" is a verb and it means to be different from.So, for example: "Toronto differs from Vancouver."
"differ" 是一个动词，它的意思是“和......不同”。举个例子：“多伦多和温哥华不一样。”
"Montreal differs from Toronto."It just means that there's a difference.
“蒙特利尔和多伦多不一样。”它的意思就是这之间存在差别。
Notice also the preposition that comes after "differs".We say: "differs from" something.
还要注意 "differs" 后面的介词。我们在 "differs" 后面要用介词 "from"。
If I wanted to talk about apples and oranges: "Apples differ from oranges." Okay?So very good vocabulary here to use.
如果我要谈论苹果和橘子：“苹果和橘子不一样。”这是很好用的词汇。
We also have words for when we're talking about how things are similar, when we're comparing things.
我们还有谈论事物的相似，比较事物时用的单词。
So we have the word "both"."Both Toronto and Vancouver are great cities."
可以用 "both" 这个单词。“多伦多和温哥华都是很棒的城市。”
"Toronto and Montreo...Montreal, sorry, are alike in many ways."They are similar.
“多伦多和蒙特利尔在很多方面很像。”它们差不多。
"Toronto has had an increase in housing prices, similarly, Vancouver has had an increase."
“多伦多的房价有所上涨，相似地，温哥华的房价也涨了。”
Okay? So using these types of words can really help you in your mark in terms of your vocabulary and organization.
懂了吗？所以使用这些类型的单词能够帮你提高词汇分和结构分。
So, we've covered a lot today and you might be asking questions, like: "Oh my god, comparatives and superlatives, ugh, I don't remember any of that."
我们今天讲了很多内容，你可能会问这样的问题：“天呐，比较级和最高级，啊，我啥也没记住。”
Or you might be confused by it.
或者你可能会对此觉得有点懵。
Similarly, with compare and contrast you might think: "Well, how do I use this in a sentence?"
相似地，关于比较对照，你可能会想：“我要怎么把这个用在句子里呢？”
Those are all very good questions, and I wanted to tell you we have a lot of resources that can help you with that.
那些都是很不错的问题，我想告诉你，我们有很多资源可以在那方面帮到你。
So earlier in the video I talked about how you want to change the question into your own words.
在视频开头我讲了要把题目换成你自己的语言。
We have a video on how to do that about paraphrasing.
我们有一个关于如何改述的视频。
When I talked about superlatives and comparatives, we have a video on that, on what they are and how do we...how do we write them, how do we do them correctly?
讲到最高级和比较级，我们有个视频介绍了它们是什么，我们要怎么写，怎么把它们写对。
Compare and contrast, we have a great video on some expressions we can use when we compare and some expressions we use when we contrast.
比较与对照，我们有个很棒的视频介绍了一些我们在比较时能用的表达，和对照时能用的表达。
So these extra videos are really good for this task, so I highly recommend watching them and really understanding how these things work.
这些额外的视频非常适合这个考试，所以我强烈推荐你看看它们，真正弄懂这些事情。
So we've covered a lot today, and there's a lot more that you can study, so I invite you to check out our website at www...ugh, sorry, www. engvid. com.
我们今天讲了很多内容，你还有更多可以学习的，所以我邀请你登陆我们的网站 www. engvid. com。
There, you can actually find more resources on all sorts of different things from IELTS to pronunciation, to vocabulary, all sorts of great videos,
你在那儿可以找到更多关于各种不同内容的资源，从雅思到发音，到词汇都有，各种各样很棒的视频，
and you can also try our quiz on bar graphs which can really help you practice everything you learned today.
你还可以做一下关于柱状图的小测验，它能帮你练习今天学到的所有内容。
So I hope you subscribe to my channel and I hope you keep watching.Until next time, thanks for watching and take care.
我希望你订阅我的频道，希望你能一直观看我的视频。下次见，感谢观看，保重。