In this video, I'm going to talk more about linking and reduction.
在这个视频里，我要再讲一点关于连读和弱读的知识。
I have done an "Intro to Linking" video --- if you haven't seen that already, you might want to check it out.
我已经做了一个“连读介绍”的视频——如果你还没有看过那个视频的话，你可能想要看一下。
Today we're going to talk about the situation with the letter H beginning a word.
今天，我们来讨论一下以字母H开头的情况下的连读。
Let's look at the following sentence as an example: "I'll tell her we're leaving.""I'll tell her we're leaving. I'll tell her we're leaving. I'll tell her we're leaving."
作为例子，我们来看一下下面这个句子："I'll tell her we're leaving."我会告诉她我们要走了。我会告诉她我们要走了。我会告诉她我们要走了。
Could you tell a difference in the two different ways I pronounced this?"I'll tell her...er..." I didn't pronounce the H in "her".
你能辨别出我发这个音的两种不同方式吗？"I'll tell her...er..." 我没有发单词“her”里面的H音。

"I'll tell her we're leaving." I reduced the word "her" by leaving out the H.Perhaps you've noticed this. Native speakers do it quite a lot.
"I'll tell her we're leaving." 我通过省略H来弱读了单词“her”。或许你注意到了这个。英语母语者经常这样做。
Now, if you drop the H, you have to be certain that you link it to the word before."Tell her, tell her", it's almost like it becomes one word. "Teh-ler, tell her."
如果你省略H的话，你必须确定你要把它和前面的单词连读。"Tell her, tell her"，它几乎像是成为了一个单词。"Teh-ler, tell her."
How do you think I'm going to pronounce this phrase?I'm going to drop the H, reducing the word "he".
你认为我要怎样读这个短语呢？我要省略H，弱读单词“he”。
And because I'm going to do that, I want to make sure that I really link things.So I'm actually going to almost think of the Z sound as beginning a word "zi".
因为我要这样做，所以我要确定我是真的连读了。所以我几乎要把Z音看做是一个单词“zi”的开头。
"Wuh-zi there? Was he there? Was he there?"Try saying that all very smooth and linked.
他在那儿吗？他在那儿吗？他在那儿吗？试着流畅和紧凑地来读出这些。
"Was he there? Was he there?"Before we go further, let's talk quickly about punctuation.
他在那儿吗？他在那儿吗？在我们进一步学习之前，让我们快速地讨论一下标点符号。
A period, a comma, a colon, a semicolon, a dash: these things will all signify a stop, a break, a pause.
句号、逗号、冒号、分号和破折号：这些都表示停止、暂停、停顿。
So, we don't want to link sounds over that kind of punctuation.Let's take a look at an example sentence.
因此，我们不能在这种标点符号之处连读。让我们看一个例句。
"At first he never came; he now comes regularly."Notice there was that pause there where the semicolon is.
起初，他从来不来；现在他定期会过来。注意，在分号处有一处停顿。
And because of that, I didn't link, and I didn't drop the H in "he" the second time, "he now comes regularly."
出于这个原因，我没有连读，并且我在第二个“he”处没有省略H，"he now comes regularly."
"At first he never came": I do drop that H, reducing the word and linking.
"At first he never came"：我的确省略了H，弱读了这个单词，并且连读。
"At first he, at first he, at first he never came; he now comes regularly."
起初，他从来不来；现在他定期会过来。
So we've looked at "he" and "her", what are some other possibilities?
我们已经看过了“he”和“her”的情况，那么其他的可能性是什么呢？
If we're going to reduce a word, it has to be an unstressed word.
如果我们要弱读一个单词的话，它必须是一个非重读单词。
So let's review what words will be stressed, and which ones will be unstressed.
那么让我们来回顾一下哪些单词会被重读，哪些单词不会被重读。
Content words are stressed. These are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, in general.
实词会被重读。这些词大体上有名词、动词、形容词和副词。
Function words will be unstressed. These are words that don't have a meaning on their own, like "with" or "if".
虚词不会被重读。这些词是自身没有意义的词，比如“with”和“if”。
These are prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and helping verbs.
这些词有介词、连词、冠词和助动词。
So, common function words beginning with H: has, have, had. These are helping verbs.
常见的以H开头的虚词：has，have，had。这些是助动词。
Example: "What have you done? What have you done?"
例如："What have you done? What have you done?"
Notice that the H is dropped in "have", and the vowel is actually reduced from aa to the schwa: "uv, uv, uv."
注意，单词“have”里的H被省略了，元音也由aa被弱读为了弱读元音："uv, uv, uv."
That is how we're pronouncing the word "have" in the sentence."What have, what have, what have you done?"
这就是我们在句子中读单词“have”的方法。你做了什么？
And do note that it's linked to everything around it."What have you, what have you, what have you done?"
并且要注意，它与它前后的词都有连读。你做了什么？
Another example: "My friend has seen it twice."The word "has" is pronounced without the H and the vowel sound is reduced to the schwa.
另一个例子："My friend has seen it twice."单词“has”中的H被省略了，元音被弱读为弱读元音。
"My friend has, has, has, my friend has seen it twice."Also, again, it is linked to everything around it. "My friend has seen it twice."
我的朋友见过两次这个。还有，同样的，它也与它前后的词都有连读。
Now, I want to point out that in "What have you done?", "have" is the helping verb for "done".
我要指出的是，在句子"What have you done?"中，“have”是“done”的助动词。
And in "My friend has seen it twice", "has" is the helping verb for "seen".
在句子"My friend has seen it twice"中，“has”是“seen”的助动词。
Now if these words were the only verb in the sentence, the main verb in the sentence, they wouldn't be reduced.
如果这些单词在句子中是唯一的动词、主要动词的话，它们不会被弱读。
Because then they would be the verb, not a helping verb.For example, "I have two."
因为那样的话它们就是动词了，而不是助动词。比如，"I have two."
Now, I may say "have" very quickly, but I'm probably not going to drop the H, and I'm not going to reduce the vowel.
我可能会把“have”读得很快，但我可能不会省略H，我也不会弱读里面的元音。
"I have two." Because it is the only verb in the sentence.Therefore, it is not a helping verb. It is the main verb. "I have two."
"I have two." 因为它是句子里唯一的动词。因此，它不是助动词。它是主要动词。"I have two."
How do you think I will pronounce "her" here?If you guessed "er", you're right.
你认为我要怎样读这里的“her”呢？如果你猜的是“er”的话，那你就猜对了。
"I saw her sister in Chicago. I saw -- er -- sister, saw her sister, saw her sister. I saw her sister in Chicago."
我在芝加哥看到了她的妹妹。我在芝加哥看到了她的妹妹。
And here, how will I pronounce "his"?"Iz, iz, I will drop that H."
在这里，我会怎样读“his”呢？"Iz, iz, I will drop that H."
"What was his name again? What was, iz, name again? What was his name again? What was his name again?"
再说一遍他的名字？再说一遍他的名字？再说一遍他的名字？
And how will I pronounce "him"?I will drop that H."Im, im. I told him no. I told -- im -- no. I told him no. I told him no."
我会怎样读“him”呢？我会省略H。我告诉他不要那样做。我告诉他不要那样做。我告诉他不要那样做。
How will I pronounce "his"?I'm going to drop the H."Do you remember John? This is his sister. This is -- is -- sister. This is his sister."
我会怎样读“his”呢？我会省略H。你还记得约翰吗？这是他的妹妹。这是他的妹妹。这是他的妹妹。
As you listen to native speakers, keep this in mind. Try to identify it and then imitate it.
在你听英语母语者说话时，记住这一点：试着辨别，然后模仿。
And when you feel comfortable, bring it into your everyday speech.That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English.
当你感觉自在的时候，把它用在你的日常讲话中。这次的学习就到这里，非常感谢使用Rachel's English。