词汇选项
第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
1．I wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse.
A．afraid B．anxious C．sure D．sad
2．She always finds fault with everything.
A．simplifies B．criticizes C．evaluates D．examines
3．At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.
A．give B．attach C．lose D．understand
4．I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.
A．instructing B．pushing C．notifying D．inviting
5．Jane said that she couldn’t tolerate the long hours.
A．stand B．spend C．take D．last
6．The sea turtle’s natural habitat has been considerably reduced.
A．suddenly B．greatly C．generally D．slightly
7．Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.
A．saying B．doubting C．thinking D．knowing
8．At 80, Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris.
A．happy B．energetic C．alone D．busy
9．A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children.
A．reported B．proved C．caught D．praised
10．He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source.
A．maintained B．recommended C．considered D．acknowledged
11．It is possible to approach the problem in a different way.
A．handle B．raise C．pose D．experience
12．The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.
A．relative B．general C．continuous D．sharp
13．For some obscure reason, the simple game is becoming very popular.
A．obvious B．major C．unclear D．minor
14．The decision to invade provoked storms of protest.
A．ignored B．organized C．caused D．received
15．Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage.
A．turning B．jumping C．shouting D．shaking
阅读判断
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
Relieving the Pain
“Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,” say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain. “People with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising.” The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain. But it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. Back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.
Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）lifestyle. Lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential. It releases endorphins（内啡肽）, the body’s “feel-good” chemicals, which are natural painkillers. In fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.
Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. “It’s crazy,” says Dr. Brasseur, a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain. “Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors. I’ve just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different- names.”
A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.
In some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises, followed by an hour on exercise bikes. Later in the day, they practice tai chi（太极）, self-defense, and deep thought. This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours’ physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program. “The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence,” explains Bill Wiles, a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool. “Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment.”
16．To treat pain, patients should stop moving around.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
17．Headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
18．Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
19．Doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
20．Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
21．Exercise helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
22．New pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Not mentioned
概括大意和完成句子
第3部分：概括大意和完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Owls and Larks（猫头鹰与云雀）
1　In this article, we look at the importance of sleep for learning. Most healthy adults need eight of more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place? We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things. If this process is interrupted by, say, the sound of an alarm clock, it may not be as effective. So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock, how damaging is it? The truth is that it’s difficult to predict, as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.
2　The popular belief that people are naturally either larks (early risers) or owls is false. The reason why people tend to be one or the other has more to do with lifestyle, age, and personality. Many people who appear to be early birds may have just become so through habit, for example, parents with very young children. Teenagers can have difficulty falling asleep until late at night and then they naturally have problems getting up the following morning.
3　The main reason why owls are owls is that they tend to spend their time over a book, movie, or computer game till the early hours of the morning. They enjoy the quiet of the night when they can pursue their passion. On the other hand, larks can make better use of early morning hours where they can study in quiet at the time when their brains are most refreshed. So which is better for learning-an owl’s or a lark’s lifestyle? The simple truth is that it is more complex than simply being one or the other. Leading a well-balanced life in terms of work and play and sleeping enough to bring maximum refreshment is probably the secret.
4　As for naps, experts on insomnia（失眠）argue against taking naps, as these may keep people up at night. If your nap lasts only five minutes to half an hour and does not affect your ability to fall asleep in the night, it will probably help you be more alert in evening hours. However, if you are having problems getting to sleep at night, it’s not only naps that you should avoid. Try not to drink a lot of alcohol, take nicotine（尼古丁）, do mentally intense activities like preparing for exams or doing exercise in the evening. Some people swear that drinking coffee never stops them from sleeping like a log, whereas others will never go near the stuff for fear of being awake all night. However, the best advice for most is to avoid it in the evening, and if you drink coffee before a nap, remember you are likely to awaken as soon as the caffeine starts kicking in.
23．Paragraph 1 ______
24．Paragraph 2 ______
25．Paragraph 3 ______
26．Paragraph 4 ______

A．Which is better, being an owl or a lark?
B．What should we avoid?
C．What helps us fall asleep?
D．What makes people owls or larks
E．Why do we need sleep?
F．How much sleep do we need?

27．Sleep helps brain to__________.
28．Parents with very young children tend to__________.
29．A good lifestyle means one can__________.
30．It is good advice for most people to__________.

A．stay up till the early hours of the morning
B．sleep enough to bring most refreshment
C．rebuild memories stored during the day
D．store memories in the brain
E．get up quite early
F．keep away from coffee in the evening
阅读理解1
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Immune Functions
The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate effective, and self-limiting.
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders（入侵者）. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to “remember” the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation（哺乳期）, this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must “learn” from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes（微生物）in which we live. Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.
Any substance capable of triggering an immune response is called an antigen（抗原）. Antigens are not to be confused with allergens（过敏原）, which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual also act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first brokendown by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes（抗原表位）, which protrude（突出）from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface? some may even carry several hundreds. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situation does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.
31．What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?
A．The immune system’s memory.
B．Immune troops eliminating intruders.
C．Bees flying around a hive.
D．A sea of microbes.
32．The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as
A．self-tolerance
B．balance
C．harmony
D．tolerance
33．How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as “foreign” or “nonself”?
A．Through an allergic response.
B．Through blood type.
C．Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.
D．Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.
34．Which of the following statements is true?
A．Allergens are usually harmful substances.
B．Antigens can trigger an immune response.
C．People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.
D．There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.
35．Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A．An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.
B．One of the immune system’s primary functions is the allergic response.
C．The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.
D．The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself
第二篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?
Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication — having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.
The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professionals worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.
On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the tissues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning（扫描）equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn’t remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer’s doctor didn’t agree.
What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.
As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it’s best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it’s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.
36．People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A．they’re popular.
B．they’re useful.
C．they’re cheap.
D．they’re convenient.
37．The word “detected” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by
A．cured.
B．removed.
C．discovered.
D．caused.
38．The salesman retired young because
A．he disliked using mobile phones.
B．he was tired of talking on his mobile phone.
C．his employer’s doctor persuaded him to.
D．he couldn’t remember simple tasks.
39．On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies
A．deny the existence of mobile phone radiation.
B．develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation.
C．try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health.
D．hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about.
40．The writer’s purpose of writing this article is to advise people
A．to buy mobile phones.
B．to use mobile phones less often.
C．to update regular phones.
D．to stop using mobile phones.
第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to avoid the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics（抗生素）normally used for their treatment. They are known as multi-drug resistant bacteria, posing particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains（菌株）and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancel Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical（制药的）industry and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance) rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO’s World Health Day 2011.
41．Antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health issue because
A．new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.
B．infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people.
C．scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.
D．there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
42．The word “prudent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A．unwise
B．careful
C．wasteful
D．widespread
43．The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that
A．a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared.
B．some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.
C．some infections are caused by antibiotics.
D．some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms.
44．WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT
A．education on the use of antibiotics.
B．keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use.
C．control of antibiotic use.
D．introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.
45．We learn from the passage that
A．antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.
B．without WHO, no country will be safe in the war against antimicrobial resistance.
C．WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.
D．further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi —drug resistant bacteria.
补全短文
第5部分：补全短文（第46～50题，每题2分，共10分）
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Mt. Desert Island
The coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world. A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northern most coastal city would measure about 225 miles. If you followed the coastline between these points, you would travel more than ten times as far. This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline ________ (46) At that time, the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea. As the glacier（冰川）descended, however, it expended enormous force on those mountains, and they sank into the sea.
As the mountains sank, ocean, water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land, former a series of twisting inlets and lagoons（咸水湖）. The highest parts of the former mountain in range, nearest the shore, remained as islands ________ (47) Marine fossils found here were 225 feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.
The 2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands. Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited, but many are home to thriving communities. Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest, most beautiful of the Maine coast islands. Measuring 16 miles by 12 miles, Mt. Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands. ________ (48).
For years, Mt. Desert Island, particularly its major settlement, Bar Harbor, afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though, Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well. But, the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park. Because tile island sits on the boundary line between the temperate（温带）and sub-Arctic zones, the island suppers the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach inland, and alpine（高山的）plants. ________ (49) The establishment of Acadia National Park in 1916 means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people, not just the wealthy. Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping, cycling and boating. Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum, learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.
The best view on Mt. Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain. ________ (50) From the summit, you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.
A．This mountain rises 1,532 feet making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seaboard.
B．It is split almost in half by Somes Sound, a deep and narrow stretch of water, seven miles long.
C．The wealthy residents of Mt. Deserts Island selfishly kept it to themselves.
D．Mt. Desert island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier.
E．The term comes from the activity of the ice age.
F．It also lies in a major bird migration lane and is a resting spot for many birds.
完形填空
第6部分：完形填空（第52~65题，每题1分，共15分）
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Pandemic（大面积流行的）H1N1 2009
The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal（集中的）increases in rates during recent week were__________(51) in at least two eastern European countries. A high intensity of respiratory（呼吸的）disease activity with concurrent（同时存在的）circulation of pandemic influenza still__________(52) in parts of southern and eastern Europe,__________(53) in Greece, Poland, and Ukraine.
In Western Europe, influenza transmission remains__________(54) and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009,__________ (55), very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses, covering less than 1% of all influenza viruses found, were reported in Russia. In__________ (56), limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries__________(57)the Mediterranean coast.
In Central Asia, limited data __________(58) that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia, Israel, Iran, and Iraq also appear to have passed their__________(59)period of transmission within the past month, though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet__________(60)__________to baseline levels. In East Asia, influenza transmission remains active but appears to be__________(61)__________overall. Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity__________(62) one month age.
In North America, influenza transmission__________(63) widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease__________(64) has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts__________(65)for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.
51．A．reported B．expected C．marked D．caused
52．A．plays B．exists C．keeps D．maintains
53．A．usually B．exactly C．completely D．particularly
54．A．active B．inactive C．faithful D．unaffected
55．A．yet B．still C．however D．until
56．A．fact B．addition C．general D．total
57．A．along B．beside C．at D．around
58．A．advise B．propose C．suggest D．recommend
59．A．brief B．late C．peak D．long
60．A．led B．brought C．returned D．turned
61．A．rising B．balancing C．jumping D．declining
62．A．above B．from C．since D．over
63．A．remains B．seems C．expands D．becomes
64．A．activity B．picture C．performance D．quality
65．A．as B．all C．and D．except
参考答案
2011年职称英语等级考试真题参考答案（卫生类A级）
1 A 2 B 3 D 4 B 5 A
6 B 7 A 8 B 9 D 10 A
11 A 12 C 13 C 14 C 15 D
16 B 17 C 18 A 19 B 20 A
21 A 22 B 23 E 24 D 25 A
26 B 27 C 28 E 29 B 30 F
31 C 32 A 33 C 34 B 35 D
36 C 37 C 38 D 39 D 40 B
41 D 42 B 43 B 44 B 45 A
46 E 47 D 48 B 49 C 50 A
51 A 52 B 53 D 54 A 55 C
56 B 57 A 58 C 59 C 60 C
61 D 62 D 63 A 64 A 65 D
其中：
第一部分：第1～15题，每题1分，共15分；
第二部分：第16～22题，每题1分，共7分；
第三部分：第23～30题，每题1分，共8分；
第四部分：第31～45题，每题3分，共45分；
第五部分：第46～50题，每题2分，共10分；
第六部分：第51～65题，每题1分，共15分。
试卷满分：100分。
答案解析
2011年职称英语等级考试真题参考答案及解析（卫生类A级）
第1部分：词汇选项
1．A　题意：我想约她出来但是害怕她拒绝。
划线词scared意思是“吃惊的、害怕的”。A项afraid担心，害怕。例句：I’m afraid that I will be late.我担心我要迟到了。B项anxious忧虑。例句：I’m very anxious about the speech contest.我对此次演讲比赛十分忧虑。C项sure肯定。例句：I think you are not quite sure about it.我认为，你们对这一点并不能完全肯定。D项sad悲伤。例句：Her eyes moistened as she listened to the sad story.听着这悲伤的故事，她的眼睛湿润了。很明显A项正确。
2．B　题意：她总是事事加以非难（挑剔）。
划线部分find fault with即可。fault的意思是“挑剔，找毛病，批评”。A项simplify简化。例句：That will simplify my task.那可简化了我的工作。B项criticize批评。例句：You should not criticize him so harshly in his face.你不应该当面这么严厉地批评他。C项evaluate评价。例句：Let’s evaluate the evidence.让我们评定一下此证据的价值。D项examine调查，考试。例句：It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be carried out.有必要调查一下怎样才能实施这些方案。很明显B项正确。
3．D　题意：当时，我们没有理解所发生事情的重要性。
划线词grasp的意思是“领会，理解”。A项give意为给。例句：Have you given the waiter a tip?你给侍者小费了吗？B项attach意为附上，加上。例句：I attach a copy of my notes for your information.我附上笔记一份供你参考。C项lose意为丢失，丧失。例句：I lost my wallet yesterday.我昨天丢了钱包。D项understand意为理解，领悟。例句：I don’t understand what you’re talking about.我不明白你在说什么。很明显D项正确。
4．B　题意：我从Moira那里得到一张便条，催促我尽快联系。
划线词urge的词义为“催促”。A项instruct意为教导，指示。例句：His uncle instructed him in French.他的叔叔教他法语。B项push意为催促。例句：You’d better not push me for an answer to your request.你最好不要催促我答复你的请求。C项notify意为宣告，通知。例句：Please notify us of any change of address.地址如有变动，请通知我们。D项invite意为邀请。例句：She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to dinner.她邀请我吃晚饭以表示感谢。很明显B项正确。
5. A　题意：简说她无法忍受这么长时间。
划线词tolerate的词义是“容忍”。A项；stand意为站立，忍受。例句：I don’t think the chair is firm enough to stand on.我觉得这椅子不够稳固，不能站人。B项spend意为花费。例句：You really shouldn’t spend so much effort on it.你真不该在这件事上花费这么大的精力。C项take意为拿，取。例句：Please take the trash to the garbage can.请将垃圾扔到垃圾筒里去。D项last意为持续。例句：The hot weather lasted until September.炎热的天气持续到九月。很明显A项正确。
6．B　题意：海龟的自然生存环境大大的恶化了。
划线词的意思为“相当大的’’。A项suddenly意为突然地。例句：Suddenly he began to shriek loudly.突然他开始大声尖叫起来。 B项greatly意为大大地。例句：His writing has improved greatly in this semester.这学期他的写作有了很大进步。C项generally意为一般地。例句：Generally speaking, this is impossible.一般来说，这是不可能的。D项slightly意为轻微地，例句：He is slightly drunk.他有些醉了。很明显B项正确。
7．A　题意：安德森离开了桌子，同时说道他有些工作要去做。
划线词remark的意思是“说，讲”。A项say意为说。例句：Be quiet. I’ve something to say to you.安静，我有话要对你们讲。B项doubt意为怀疑。例句：I doubt the truth of it.我怀疑此事的真实程度。C项think意为想。例句：Independent thinking is an absolute necessity.独立思考是绝对必要的。 D项know意为知道。例句：There’s no knowing what they will do.没法知道他们会做些什么。很明显A项是正确选项。
8．B　题意：佩克八十岁时仍然精力旺盛地生活在巴黎。
划线词的词义为“精力旺盛的”A项happy意为幸福的；例句：The old couple have a happy life.那对老夫妇过着幸福的生法。B项energetic意为精力旺盛的。例句：His son is an energetic child.他的儿子是个精力旺盛的孩子。C项alone意为单独的。例句：No one knows why he is always alone.没有人知道为什么他总是一个人。D项busy意为繁忙的。例句：It seems that she has a busy day today.好像她今天很忙。很明显B项正确。
9．D　题意：在营救出两名儿童之后，一年轻男子被欢呼拥立为英雄。
划线词hail的词义是“向……欢呼致贺”。A项report意为报告。例句：It is reported that 20 people were killed in the accident.这次事故据说有20人死亡。B项prove意为证明。例句：The facts proved her assumption wrong.事实证明她的设想是错的。C项catch意为抓住。例句：I caught him peeping at my paper.他偷看我的论文让我当场抓住了。D项praise意为称赞，表扬。例句：The teacher praised her for her courage.老师赞扬了她的勇气。很明显D项正确。
10．A　题意：他断言核能是一种安全而又无污染的能源。
划线词的词义为“主张，断言”。A项maintain意为主张，强调。例句：He maintains that there are no short cuts to effective management.他断言，有效的管理没有捷径可走。B项recommend意为推荐。例句：I recommended (you) meeting him first.我建议（你）先见见他。C项consider意为考虑。例句：Please take time to consider the problem.请仔细考虑一下这个问题。D项acknowledge意为承认。例句：He is unwilling to acknowledge defeat.他不愿认输。很明显A项正确。
11．A　题意：完全有可能以不同的方式来处理这个问题。
划线词的词义为“处理，对待”。A项handle意为处理。例句：I was impressed by her handling of the affair.我觉得她对此事的处理很了不起。B项raise意为抬起，提高。例句：I’m glad you raise that point.你把那一点指出来，我很高兴。C项pose意为提出。例句：Allow me to pose several questions .允许我提出几个问题。D项experience意为体验，经历。例句：1 have experienced that the sunrise can be so beautiful.我发现日出真美。很明显A项正确。
12．C　题意：该项研究还表明选学理科课程的大学生数量在持续下降。
划线词的词义是“稳定的，持续的”。A项relative意为相关的。例句：The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。B项general意为总的。例句：I get the general impression that they aren’t very happy.我对他们的总体印象是他们过得并不是很幸福。C项continuous意为连续的。例句：The atmosphere is a continuous layer of gases.大气层是连续的气体层。D项sharp意思为急剧的。例句：The car turned sharp left.那部车向左急转弯。很明显C项正确。
13．C　题意：不知什么原因，这项简单的运动变得非常流行。
划线词obscure词义为“不清楚的，不明了的”。A项obvious意为明显的。例句：It is obvious that she is very clever.很明显，她挺聪明。B项major意为较大的，主要的。例句：The city holds the major portion of the population in the country.那个城市聚集了全国大部分人口。C项unclear意为不清楚的。例句：Reason of the attack remains unclear.攻击的原因仍不清楚。D项minor意为较小的，不重要的。例句：We can only make minor concessions, but it might break the deadlock.我们只能做些较小的让步，但这就可能打破僵局。很明显C项正确。
14．C　题意：入侵的决定引起了抗议的风暴。
划线词provoke的词义为“引起，激发”。A项ignore意为忽视。例句：If there’s one meal that is ignored nowadays，it is breakfast.如果有一顿饭被忽视的话，那就是早餐。B项organize意为组织。例句：The meeting was badly organized.会议组织得很糟。C项cause意为引起，使发生。例句：Many diseases are caused by bacteria.许多疾病是由细菌引起的。D项receive意为收到。例句：He must start to question the received opinions.他必须开始质疑自己已经接受的观点。很明显C项正确。
15．D　题意：福雷斯特盯着他的车，气得发抖。
划线词的词义是“发抖，战栗”。A项turn意为转动，例句：Turning to the left of me, I glimpsed the quays, the harbor.我把头转向左方，一眼望见了港口的码头。B项jump意为跳跃，例句Jumping and throwing have different competing arenas.跳跃和投掷项目的竞技场所不同。C项shout意为呐喊，例句：He was slapped for his shouting.他因大喊大叫而受到斥责。D项shake意为发抖，战栗，例句：His voice shook with fear.他害怕得声音发抖。很明显D项正确。
第2部分：阅读判断
16．B　题意：为了治疗疼痛，患者应该停止到处活动。
关键词：patience患者；stop moving around停止到处活动
在第1段的第2行：“患有慢性疼痛的人不应总是躺着，多外出，并要开始锻炼。”据此可判断应选B项。
17．C　题意：头痛部分是因为缺乏锻炼所致.
关键词：headache头痛；caused引起；slack of exercise缺乏锻炼
文中第1段第5行：“继头痛和疲乏之后，背痛已成为人们去看医生的第三大原因。”除此句中有一“头痛”之外，全文再没有出现。无处查找“头痛”的原因。据此判断应选C项。
18．A　题意：锻炼有助于清除痛处的压力。
关键词：exercise锻炼；the pressure压力; the site of pain痛处
文中第2段的第2句：“缺少锻炼.会慢慢地降低肌肉的灵活性和强度，结果会更加难于减轻痛处的压力。”据此判断应选A项。
19．B　题意：医生经常使用像内啡肽之类的药物给病人治病。
关键词：use drugs使用药物；such as endorphins如内啡呔；treat patients治疗病人。
文中第2段4至5行锻炼很重要，它可以产生内啡肽，这是体内‘感觉良好’的化学药剂，是天然的止痛药。”据此可判断应选B项。
20．A　题意：背痛患者往往不再服用其它更多的药物来止痛。
关键词：backache sufferers背痛患者；end up终结；more than one其它更多的
文中第3段的第3行末到第4行：“随着疼痛的延续，患者不再服用强剂或一系列的不同药物。”据此判断应选A项。
21．A　题意：锻炼比传统治疗可使患者康复的更快。
关键词：exercise锻炼；to recover more quickly恢复地更快；traditional treatment传统治疗。
文中最后一句：“进行这种治疗的患者要比那些接受更为保守治疗的患者能够更早地返回工作岗位和重新开始健康积极的生活。”据此判断应选A项。
22．B　题意：新的疼痛诊所要求病人完全放弃药物治疗。
关键词：New pain clinics新的疼痛诊所；give up drugs completely完全放弃药物治疗
文中第4段的第1行：“新一代的疼痛诊所已建立起来，基本的理念是最好避开用药。”据此判断应选B项。
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
23．E　第1段的第三句为主题句，意思为：“可是，我们为什么需要睡眠呢？” E选项Why do we need sleep?我们为什么需要睡眠？与主题句意义吻合，据此可判断应选E项。
24．D　第2段的第2句为主题句，意思为：“人们倾向于熬夜或起早的原因多半与生活方式、年龄和个性有关。’’D项What makes people owls or larks? 什么原因使人熬夜或早起？与主题句意思吻合，据此可判断应选D项。
25．A　第3段的第5行为此段的主题句，意思为：“那么喜欢熬夜还是喜欢早起的生活方式，哪一种对学习更好呢？”A选项Which is better, being an owl or lark?熬夜或早起，哪一个更好？与主题句意思相近，据此可判断选A项。
26．B　第4段的第5行：“…你应该避开小睡。”倒数第2行…晚上要避开咖啡，…。”B项What should we avoid? 我们应当避免什么？据此可判断应选B项。
27．C　题意：睡眠有助于大脑________。根据文中第1段第3行：“我们需要睡眠以便大脑获取重建白天俯存记忆的机会。”C项rebuild memories stored during the day重新建立白天储存的记忆。因此可判断C项为正确答案。
28．E　题意：有孩童的父母倾向于________。根据文中第2段第3句许多起早的人可能是早已完全形成的习掼，比如有婴儿的父母。”而E项get up quite early起的非常早。与题意非常吻合，因此可判断应选E项。
29．B　题意：好的生活方式是指一个人能够_________。根据文中第3段最后一句：“在工作、娱乐和睡眠充足以达到最大精神恢复方面，过一种很好平衡的生活才可能是其秘密所在。”而B项sleep enough to bring most refreshment睡得足以达到最大精神恢复。与题意相符，据此可判断应选B项。
30．F　题意：建议大多数人最好_________。根据短文倒数第2行：“向大多数人提出的最好建议是晚上不喝咖啡。”F项keep away from coffee in the evening晚上远离咖啡。很明显可判断出应选F项。
第一篇
31．C　题意为：下列哪一项用于描述免疫系统中由细胞组成的信息网络？
根据文中第1段第4 — 5行的内容这些细胞组成了无数的窝穴和小窝穴，就像大群的蜜蜂围绕着蜂巢来来回回地传递着信息。”C项Bees flying around a hive意思为围绕蜂巢群心的蜜蜂。与文中内容符合，因此可判断应选C项。
32．A　题意为：在称作________状态下，人体内的免疫细胞和其它细胞可以平和地共存。
根据文中第2段第6行内容：“免疫细胞和其他人体细胞在称为’自身耐受’的状态下可以和平共存。’’A项self-tolerance意思为自身耐受，与原文内容相符，因此可判断应选A项。
33．C　题意为：免疫细胞是如何识别抗原为“外来”或“非己”的？
根据文中第3段倒数第6行内容：“抗原是通过称为抗原表位的复杂而又特有的形状来宣布它的’外来者’的。”C项Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.意思为通过抗原表面上的特有形状。与文中内容相符，据此可判断应选C项。
34．B　题意为：下列哪一项陈述是真实的？
根据文中第3段的第1句能够激发免疫反应的任何物质就可以称为抗原。”而B项Antigens can trigger an immune response.意思为抗原能够激发免疫反应，据此可判断应选B项。
35．D　题意为：下列哪一项最好地表达了本文的主题思想？
考察“本文主题思想”这类题的解答最好将本文的标题“免疫功能”与4个选项结合起来考虑，先据此推断应从B项与D项来选择，然后根据B项和D项的内容快速回原文查读，文中第2段第1句免疫系统的核心就是识别自我与非自我的能力。”D项The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself.免疫系统的基本功能就是鉴别自我与非自我。据此可判断应选D项。
第二篇
36．C　题意为：人们因下列原因而买手机，除哪一项之外。
根据文中第1段的第2行：“…，cell phones are very popular with young people.与A项内容相符；文中最后1段的第3行：“Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient. ”与B项与D项内容相符。据此可判断C项They are cheap.（它们廉价。）不是人们买手机的原因，据此判断C项正确。
37．C　题意为：第3段中的“detected”一词由下列哪一项替换最合适？
本题中detected意为“发现，察觉”。A项cured意为治疗；B项removed意为移掉；C项discovered意为发现；D项caused意为引起。很明显可以看出正确答案为C项。
38．D　题意为：推销员在年轻的时候就离职了，是因为_________.
根据文中第3段第4行一个很年轻的流动推销员因为严重的失忆而不得不离职。四个选项中A项he dislikes using mobile phones.他不喜欢用手机；B项he was tired of talking on his mobile phone.他厌倦用手机说话；C项his employer’s doctor persuaded him to.他的雇主医生劝他退休；D项He couldn’t remember simple tasks.他不能记住简单的工作，很明显四个选项中D项符合原文内容，据此判断应选D项。
39．D　题意为：有关手机的安全问题，制造公司 _________。
根据文中第4段的最后1句：“手机公司认为确实有座辐射，但他们说辐射量很小无需担忧。’’A项deny the existence of mobile phone radiation.否认存在手机辐射；B项develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation.开发新技术来减少手机辐射；C项try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health.设法证明手机对健康无害；D项hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about.很明显可以看出D项符合原文内容，因此选D。
40．B　题意为：作者写本文的目的是建议人们_________。
本文最后一段的第1句：“随着有关安全问题讨论的继续，似乎最好少用手机。”最后一句：“因此，最聪明的做法是少用手机。”
四个选项中只有B项to use mobile phones less often.不要经常使用手机。最符合文中内容，因此可以推断这便是作者的写作目的，可推断本题选B项。
第三篇
41．D　题意为：抗菌药物耐药性已成为全球性公众健康问题。
题干中的关键词：“Antimicrobial resistance抗菌药物耐药性；a global public health issue一个全球性公众健康问题。”
根据文中第1段的5～6行：“…因为只有很少、甚至没有多少选择办法治疗。”以此判断应选D项。
42．B　题意为：第一段中的“prudent”在含义上最接近_________。
题干中的关键词：“‘prudent’小心的，谨慎的；closest in meaning to在含义上最接近。”
A项unwise不明智的；B项careful认真的，小心的；C项wasteful浪费的；D项widespread普遍的。根据4个选项的意思，可判断B项为正确选项。
43．B　题意为：发表在《柳叶刀——传染病》期刊上的这篇文章发现________。
题干中的关键词：“The Lancet Infectious Diseases《柳叶刀———传染病》期刊。”
根据文中第2段的1～2行：“发表在…的一篇文章提到一种基因，它可以使多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性。”以此可以判断应选B项。
44．B　题意为：世界卫生组织建议各国政府在以下领域，哪一项除外。
题干中的关键词：“WHO世界卫生组织；EXCEPT除…之外。”
A项在5段3行；C项和D项在5段4行。很明显应选B项。
45．A　题意为：我们从本文中可以了解到_________。
题干中的关键词：“learn from the passage从本文了解。”
本题可根据文中第2段的1～4行，完全阐述了“直到2010年8月11日刊登…，引起了世人对…的关注。”以此判断应选A项。
第5部分：补全短文
46．E　句意：这一术语取自冰河的活动。
The term（术语），该词很重要，说明其前一句肯定有“称谓”或“叫做”之类的词。空白处46的前一句：“这种不规则是所谓的’被海水淹没海岸线’的结果。”很明显应补入E项。
47．D　句意：芒特迪瑟特岛是由冰川下降后所留下的所有岛屿中最著名的一个岛。
all the islands（所有的岛屿），常有定冠词the说明该句的前一句一定会有islands出现。空白处47的前一句：“以前山脉的最高部分，离海岸最近，便遗留成岛。”很明显应该补入D项。
48．B　句意：它（指芒特迪瑟特岛）被Somes Sound ——一段又深又窄的海水，七英里长——几乎对半分开。
half( —半），说明该句的前、后句应该出现“two”这个词。空白处48的前一句：“芒特迪瑟特岛长16英里、宽12英里，实质上它是由两个明显的岛形成的。”很明显应补入B项。
49．C　句意：芒特迪瑟特岛的富有居民自私地视它为己有。
The wealthy residents（富有的居民），带有定冠词the说明在该句的前面或后面一定会有wealthy（富有的；富人）出现。空白处49所在段落的第2行和倒数第4行都出现了“wealthy”一词，以此判断应该补入C项。
50．A　句意：这座山高1，532英尺，使它或为大西洋海岸上最高的山。
This（指示代词，这），该词（包括that, these, those)在补全短文题中非常重要。This mountain（这座山），说明在该句的前一句中一定会有“大写的山名”（应注意：国、洲、城市，江、河、山脉等大写；若是普通名词应小写），空白处50的前一句从Cadillac山顶眺望可将荒岛上的最美景色尽收眼底。”很明显应该补入A项。
第6部分：完形填空
51．A　句意：据报道，近几年在欧洲东部至少有两个以上的国家传染率急速上升。
文中“Focal increases in rates…（传染率急速上升……)”和“in at least two…countries（至少在两个以上的国家）”，再参照4个选项：A项reported据报道；B项expected预期；C项marked标记；D项caused引起，很明显选A项。
52．B　句意：严重的呼吸系统疾病……竟然发生在了欧洲东南部的部分地区。
文中“A high intensity of respiratory disease严重的呼吸系统疾病”和“in parts of southern and eastern Europe在欧洲东南部的部分地区”，很明显应选B项exists存在。A项plays玩；C项keeps保持和D项maintains维护，都不适合。
53．D　句意：在欧洲东南部的部分地区，特别是在希腊、波兰和乌克兰。
“in parts of southern and eastern Europe（欧洲东南部部分地区）”和“in Greece, Poland and U- kraine（在希腊、波兰及乌克兰）”，很明显应选D项particularly特别，尤其。A项usually通常；13项exactly确切地；C项completely完全地，均不合乎要求。
54．A　句意：在欧洲西部，流感的传染依然活跃并且广泛扩散。
文中“influenza transmission remains（流感传染仍然……)”和“and widespread（而且广泛扩散）”，很明甚应选A项active有活力的，活跃。B项inactive不活跃的；C项faithful忠实的，可靠的和D项unaffected真实的，均不符合要求。
55．C　句意：2009年，在欧洲西部，H1N1流感大流行都是由流感病毒引发的，然而，只有少量是由季节流感病毒所引起的。
选C项，主要依据两点：（1)空白处的左和右都有逗号描开。（2)逗号前：“ All influenza viruses（所有的流感病毒）”与逗号后：“very small numbers of（非常少量的…）”是转折关系，故应选C项however然而。
56．B　句意：另外，有限的数据表明，在北非国家正在发生流感大流行。
4个选项都可与in构成短语：A项In fact事实上；B项In addition加之，另外；C项In general一般，大体上；D项In total总计，合计。根据空白处右边的句子：“limited available data indicate that（有限的数据表明）”，这说明是递进关系，因此应选B项.
57．A　句意：地中海沿岸的北非国家正在爆发流感。
文中“Northern African countries（北非国家）”和“Mediterranean coast（地中海海岸）”，很明显应选A项along沿岸。B项beside在……旁；C项at在……地方和D项around在……周围，都不合乎要求。
58．C　句意：在中亚，有限的数据表明流感病毒传播仍然十分活跃，……。
文中“In Central Asia, limited data（在中亚，有限的数据）”，很明显应选C项suggest表明（作谓语）。A项advise功告；建议；B项propose提议和D项recommend推荐，都不合要求。
59．C　句意：在西亚的以色列、伊朗和伊拉克，在过去的一个月似乎已越过了高峰期。
文中的period提示我们应选C项peak（最高点；峰值）。peak period是一常用词组“高峰期”。A项brief短暂的；B项late晚期的和D项long长期的，都不适合要求。
60．C　句意：……，而且呼吸系统疾病的发病率仍然没有降到基线以下。
文中“…have not yet（还没有）”和右边：“to baseline levels（到基线水平），很明显应选C项returned返回。A项led(to)导致；B项brought (to)使恢复；D项turn(to)变成，都不合乎要求。
61．D　句意：在东亚，流感传染仍然活跃，但却呈现全面的下降趋势。
文中“ ……remains active but appears to be（……仍然活跃，但却呈现）”，很明显（but转折）应选D项declining（下降）。 A项rising上升，B项balancing平衡；C项jumping跳越都不合乎要求。
62．D　句意：只有蒙古在一个多月前由峰值逐步下滑后又出现了小幅度的回升。
文中“one month ago (一个月前）”，很明显应选D项over one month ago（一个多月前）。A项above在……之上；B项from从……和C项since自从，都不合乎要求。
63．A　句意：在北美地区，流感传染依旧泛滥。
文中“In North America, influenza transmission（在北美地区，流感传染）”和“widespread（广泛扩散）”，很明显应选A项remains仍然。B项seems似乎；C项expands扩大和D项becomes成为，都不符合要求。
64．A　句意：但总体上，该病的（活动力）严重性已开始下降，……。
文中“but overall disease（但总体上该病）”和“has been declining（一直下降），很明显应选A项activity活动力。 B项picture情景；局面；C项performance性能，特性和D项quality性质，品质，都不合要求。
65．D　句意：……总体上已经得到控制并且开始好转，只有少数几个国家……呈上升趋势。
选D项文中空格右边的for提示我们，except for经常使用，表示“整体中的某一细节除外”。而“overall...declining（总体上……下降）”和“…increases（上升）”说明了“整体中的某一细节除外”，故应选D项。