destructive
adj.破坏的; 消极的
destruction
n.破坏; 毁灭
There are two principal influences that shape the terrain: constructive processes such as uplift,
主要有两种影响会改变地形：建设性的过程，
which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away exposed landforms.
如产生新的地表特征的地壳隆起;和破坏性的力量，如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。
defense
n.防御, 防护
defenseless
adj.无防御的
The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.
“单宁”是防御机制的组成部分，也是长寿的重要因素。
cretaceous
adj.白垩的
The best-documented such impact took place 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period of geological history.
记载最完整的这种灾难曾发生在6500万年前，在地质历史阶段的白垩纪末期。
concept
n.观念; 概念
conceptions-conception
n.构想
Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy.
确实，辉格党的政府促进公众福利超过了促进经济。
capital
n.资本；首府
capitalists-capitalist
n.资本家
Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.
廉价的交通运输网络、城市的兴起和资本借贷的可行性都促进了制造业从手工作坊到工厂生产的转变。
component
n.零件；构成要素
Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater, this component of meteorites is easily identified.
即便这些物质从陨石坑被挖掘出来后受到地球物质的稀释，其中的成分仍然很容易被鉴定出来。
appropriate
adj.适当的
inappropriate
adj.不适当的
The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place,
成功定居太平洋群岛的基本文化条件包括合适的船只、驾船能力和航海技术，
domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
从而能够首先到达这些岛屿，适合大多数边缘环境的农作物和园艺技术，以及各种各样的捕鱼工具和捕鱼技术。
apparently
adv.显然地
Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval.
微笑是表达友好和认可的通用符号。
active
adj.积极的
Whigs and Democrats differed not only in their attitudes toward the market but also about how active the central government should be in people's lives.
辉格党和民主党的分歧不仅表现在对市场的态度上，而且表现在中央政府究竟该在人民生活中起到多少作用上。
sumerian
n.闪族人
Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well.
从已知的阿卡得人语，到先前未知的苏美尔语，自19世纪90年代起，学者对掌握苏美尔语已非常好。
tropical
adj.热带的
tropics-tropic
n.热带
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun's incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical oceans.
在大气层，大部分太阳能量作用于蒸发水汽，主要是来自热带海洋的水汽。
tissues-tissue
n.（动植物的）组织
Nitrogen then diffuses from the lungs to the blood and from the blood to body tissues.
肺部中的氮气扩散到血液，从血液流经到各个身体组织。
striking-strike
n.打击；罢工v.打, 攻击
What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore,
观众是为了欣赏电影技术的奇幻，那些对火车开动、海浪拍击海岸和人潮涌动的栩栩如生的复制，
and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.
以及通过特技摄影和玩弄相机所制造出来的魔幻景象。
squirrels-squirrel
n.松鼠
Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels ,are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
小的物种,包括像老鼠和小松鼠啮齿类动物,并不像在热带檐整体都是全球最栖息地.
raw
adj.生的；未加工的；无经验的
Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.
蒸汽成为了工业革命中的主要动力，当时的煤矿和铁矿成为了是工业的主要原材料。
proved-prove
v.证明
disproved-disprove
v.证明...是虚假；反驳
In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.
1979年，一个小组在巴基斯坦北部地区找到了被证明是最古老的鲸鱼的化石。
pole
n.电极；极地
When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
一旦铁器融入到大众生活，它将替代木材用作拉杆，壁炉也有了来悬挂容器的金属棒。
personal
adj.私人的
personality
n.个性
As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;
正如两种不同类型所表现的，善于表达的领导会收获团体成员的个人情感；
instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect.
若成功实现团体目标，指导型领导可以获得尊重感。