7.Chess Therapy
7.国际象棋疗法
Sometimes healing is best done in the company of kings and queens. Patients get clear about their feelings in chess therapy, a technique used to reach patients who have trouble communicating verbally. The idea of using board games to help patients learn problem-solving skills was first used by Persian scholar Rhazes (AD 852–932) during his tenure as chief physician at a Baghdad hospital. Since then, the game of chess has been used to represent real-life problems, allowing patients to explore skills like conflict resolution and decision making.
有时国王和王后的陪伴能实现最佳治疗效果。患者很清楚自己在国际象棋疗法中获得的感受，该疗法用于影响那些口头沟通有障碍的患者。利用棋牌游戏帮助患者学习解决问题的技巧，最初是波斯学者拉齐（公元852–932）在巴格达一家医院担任主任医师期间使用过。此后，国际象棋的游戏被用来代表现实问题，从而使患者有机会探索解决冲突和做出决策的技能。

One case study reports that chess was an excellent outlet for a 16-year-old boy with schizoid personality disorder who felt emotionally isolated from other people. While he struggled to form relationships, playing chess helped him see his therapist as a partner and confidant. As therapy went on, he felt safe sharing his feelings, all during the banter of discussing his next move.
一个案例研究报告显示，对于一个患有分裂性人格障碍并在感情上与他人隔绝的16岁男孩而言，国际象棋是绝佳的发泄渠道。虽然他努力建立关系，下棋让他把治疗师视为合作伙伴和知己。随着治疗的推移，他分享感受时感到很安全，一切都融入了讨论他下一步棋的轻松氛围。
Rooks and pawns allow patients to act out fantasies and explore impulses. Simply questioning why the patient has decided to move a piece in a certain way might give way to conversation about a bigger issue.
车和卒让患者表现出幻想并且探索冲动。只关心为什么患者决定以某种方式移动一枚棋子的问题，应该让位于讨论更重大的内容。

6.Wilderness Therapy
6.荒野疗法

When the campsite is set up and the fire is lit, the doctor is in. Wilderness therapy is a successful, and sometimes controversial, way to help troubled youth by teaching life and social skills on the hiking trail. Intensive group therapy and one-on-one sessions are coupled with outdoor activities like mountain climbing and fly-fishing to teach self-reliance and responsibility. Programs promise to reform even the most wayward of offenders, including juvenile delinquents and teens with depression, anger management issues, or eating disorders.
当露营地搭建完毕，篝火已经点燃时，医生的作用就开始显现了。荒野疗法是一种通过在远足途中传授生活经验和社交技巧来帮助内心有困扰的年轻人的方法，这种方法很成功但有时候也具争议。密集的集体治疗和一对一治疗总是与室外活动一起进行，比如爬山和假蝇钓鱼（译者注：指用假苍蝇钓鱼的技巧或运动，流行于欧美）可以教会人们自立和负责任。这些活动甚至可以改变异常任性而不守规矩的人，包括青少年罪犯和患有抑郁症、情绪管理有问题或者饮食失调的青年。
While wilderness therapy can be effective, certain methods have come under fire for using unethical, and sometimes downright abusive, techniques to help struggling youth. Wilderness programs are loosely regulated, so not all programs are staffed by qualified professionals. Upon closer examination, some "therapy" groups seemed to be just military-style boot camps with little mental health benefit.
虽然荒野疗法可以达到预期效果，但是运用不道德的方法，有时甚至是残忍的方法来帮助苦苦挣扎的年轻人，这遭到了强烈指责。由于荒野治疗项目监管不严，导致并不是所有的项目活动都是由专业人员来开展。最近的项目检查结果表明，一些治疗小组似乎就是军事化训练营地，实际上对心理健康几乎毫无益处。
Most famous for his controversial wilderness therapy programs is Steve Cartisano, founder of the Challenger Foundation and several other programs throughout the US and South America. Cartisano faced negligent homicide charges when two teens died during excursions that he was supervising. Although he has been acquitted of that charge, a string of abuse allegations have followed him wherever he sets up shop. He maintains his innocence and his dedication to helping youth, but his whereabouts are currently unknown.
史蒂夫·卡迪萨诺（Steve Cartisano）因颇具争议的荒野治疗项目而出名，他创立了"挑战者基金会"（Challenger Foundation）和美国、南美地区其他一些项目。卡迪萨诺被指控因疏忽而杀人，因为在他监管下的两个少年死于远程旅行。尽管最后他被宣判无罪释放，但是无论他到哪里去开店，一系列的辩解都会笼罩他的左右。他继续保持清白并努力帮助青少年，但是他的行踪目前无人知晓。
Even legitimate wilderness therapy groups have been criticized for partnering with teen escort companies to forcibly remove unwilling participants from their homes to attend the program. While controversy and risk exist, wilderness therapy might be a creative way to teach life skills when other methods have failed.
即便是合法的荒野理疗小组也受到过批评，因为他们与一些少年托运公司合作，强制那些不愿参加他们项目的人离开家去参加他们的项目。尽管存在争议和风险，当其他方法不管用时，荒野疗法可能是一种即可以传授生活技巧而又颇具创意的方法了。

5.Hypnotherapy
5.催眠疗法

Hypnotism might seem like a magic trick, but it actually has the power to help people break into their subconscious to get to the cause of their problems, like smoking or overeating. Hypnotherapy helps patients change unwanted behaviors with suggestions of new behavior patterns during guided meditation sessions.
催眠理疗法就像具有魔法的花招一样，但是它确实可以帮助人们进入潜意识并且找到问题的原因，像抽烟和过度饮食这一类问题那样。在冥想过程中，催眠疗法帮助患者改变他们讨厌的行为，并给予他们不同行为方式的建议。
The feeling of "zoning out," such as while driving long distance or lying on the beach, is what a hypnotic state feels like. While hypnotized, the patient is not asleep, but rather extremely relaxed and sensitive to suggestion. Psychotherapists who use this method believe that while hypnotized, a patient can uncover subconscious negativity and replace it with new ways of thinking or feeling.
"走出来"的感觉——长时间开车或者躺在沙滩上的感觉与催眠状态下的感觉一样。被催眠后，患者并没有睡着，他们对一些建议表现得极度放松和敏感。使用这种理疗方法的理疗师认为，当实施催眠术时，病人会暴露自己潜意识里的消极之处，并且会用新的想法或者感觉取代它。
Skilled hypnotherapists begin the process with a relaxation exercise to clear the mind and to release tension. (Think of the classic line, "You're getting very sleepy.") From there, the hypnotist expertly guides the patient through suggestions to solve the problem, like choosing healthier snacks or eating smaller portions to lose weight. The brain, much like a sponge in this moment, will supposedly start to incorporate those recommendations into new patterns of thought.
经验丰富的催眠师刚开始都会让患者做些放松的活动来清醒大脑，释放压力。（想想经典的台词，你会变得睡意朦胧）之后，催眠师会给病人一些建议来指导他们解决一些问题，比如选择更健康的小吃或者吃少一点来减肥。大脑在此刻就像一块海绵，它开始吸收这些建议然后转变成新的思维模式。
Hypnotherapy is meant to be used alongside regular talk therapy and not just on its own. Patients can even learn to hypnotize themselves to find stress relief on their own.
催眠疗法意味着，长时间有规律的说话治疗并不是单单靠催眠。病人甚至可以学着自己对自己实施催眠术来解压。

4.Sandplay Therapy
4.箱庭疗法

Building sand castles is fun in the summertime and may have therapeutic value, too. Much like chess therapy, sandplay therapy offers those with trouble communicating the chance to share their feelings by designing scenarios with figurines in sand trays. Children, and sometimes adults, relay their feelings through expressive creations without ever having to speak a word.
夏日堆沙堡，既有趣又有治疗作用。箱庭疗法和象棋疗法相似：有交流障碍的人可以用沙盘里的小模型设计不同场景，这为他们提供了分享情感的机会。不光是孩子，成人也可以一言不发，通过沙盘设计表达自己的情感。
Inspired by the teachings of Carl Jung, Swiss psychologist Dora Kalff developed the sandplay technique to communicate with patients who might have difficulty sharing their feelings as a result of trauma or abuse. Patients are provided with trays of sand and a variety of figurines. They are instructed to create stories about the toys and the patterns of play that emerge can often mirror real problems in the patient's life.
箱庭疗法，用于治疗那些因精神创伤或者虐待而有情感表达障碍的患者，是瑞士精神分析学家卡尔夫基于荣格的思想而发展的一项心理疗法。患者会得到一些沙盘和形态各异的小雕塑，在治疗师的指导下给玩具编造一些故事，而这些故事脚本往往都会反应他们在现实生活中遇到的难题。
Therapists are trained to pick up on those symbols. When a child makes adult figures act aggressively while child figures behave anxiously, the therapist might ask the child to explain why older people are mean to little kids. A conversation about the toys might give way to sharing details of an abusive parent. While discussing trauma or abuse can be difficult, the playfulness of the sand sets the stage for healing conversation to take place.
治疗师经过训练要掌握以下技巧。当孩子的言行惹怒家长，而孩子表现出焦虑时，治疗师可以引导孩子说说"为什么成人会对孩子如此刻薄"。与其谈论玩具，不如聊聊父母虐待的细节。直接聊痛苦或虐待的事可能不会顺利，但有了箱庭疗法，心理治疗就有了谈话治疗的平台。

审校：Amy.L 编辑：Freya然 校对：落花生