英文一
Is porn damaging your emotional health?

Thanks to the internet, porn has become central to our lives, with serious consequences for our sexual and emotional health
Naomi Wolf

Andrea Dworkin, the anti-porn activist, rose to fame in the 1980s arguing that if we did not limit pornography most men would objectify women more intensively and treat them less as people than as porn stars. The floodgates would open; rape and other sexual transgressions would follow.

Since then the advent of the internet and, more importantly, broadband in most Western homes has meant that pornography has left the space that it once occupied of being a marginal, adult, private pursuit and has saturated a mainstream public arena. The whole world has become pornographised. A decade ago the “outing” of men's use of porn was often a scandal. But in the fallout from Jacqui Smith's expense claims, and the exposure of her husband, Richard Timney, for watching pay-per-view pornographic films, there has been no particular outrage about his use of porn. The scandal has been more that public funds settled the bill.

The unspoken assumption now is that everyone - at least, most men - use porn. A survey of British teenagers for Channel 4 revealed this week that 28 per cent learnt about sex from porn. Young men and women are indeed being taught what sex is, how it looks, what its etiquette and expectations are, by pornographic training. This is a giant shift for our species' imprinting about sex. For most of our history erotic images have been reflections of, or celebrations of, or substitutes for, real naked women. But today, for the first time in human history, the power and allure of the images have supplanted that of real naked women.

When I came of age in the Seventies it was still pretty cool to be able to offer a young man the actual presence of a naked, willing young woman. There were more young men who wanted to be with naked women than there were naked women on the market. If there was nothing actively alarming about you, you could get a pretty enthusiastic response merely by showing up. Your boyfriend may have seen Playboy, but, hey, you could move, you were warm, you were real. Thirty years ago simple lovemaking was considered erotic in the pornography that entered mainstream consciousness: clumsy, earnest, missionary-position intercourse was still considered to be a huge turn-on.

Well, I am 42, and mine is the last female generation to experience that sense of sexual confidence and security in what we had to offer. Now, simply being naked is not enough; you have to be buff, tanned - with no tan lines - have the surgically hoisted breasts and the Brazilian bikini wax, just like in the XXX-rated movies. The norms for Western beauty seem to be informed, whether it's intentional or not, by pornography. In my gym I notice that 40-year-old women have adult pubic hair but the twentysomethings have all been trimmed and styled - hardly a look derived from, say, the fashion world. In the 1970s porn was a bad substitute for real naked women. Today it is perfect porn that is “real” sex to young people - and real naked women are just bad porn.

Porn is no longer beyond the pale; the “cool girls” go with guys to the strip clubs and even ask for lap dances; college girls are expected to tease guys at keg parties with lesbian kisses. Does all this sexual imagery in the air mean that sex has been liberated?
英文二
Actually, Dworkin got it backwards. All this surfeit of cheap erotica is diluting sexual energy, especially for the young. The relationship between the multibillion-dollar porn industry, compulsiveness and sexual appetite has become like the relationship between agribusiness, processed foods, super-size portions and obesity. If your appetite is stimulated and fed by poor-quality material it takes more junk to fill you up. Research is showing that porn is indeed addictive, especially to men, and that it damages their libido in the longterm. Experts on sexual dysfunction are seeing an epidemic today of healthy young men who cannot perform easily with their partners because they have been overexposed to pornography. With increased exposure to porn many men need higher and higher levels of stimulation, or more and more extreme situations, in order to become aroused. So it seems that people are not closer, erotically, because of porn but less sexually connected.

Porn deadens desire. The response I got when I said as much in New York magazine recently showed that this really struck a chord with men. A whole generation may be less able to connect erotically to real women. I have met men who care about their sexuality who have moved away from porn not for moral reasons but, rather, for physical and emotional-health ones; they want to protect their desire.

The data of this epidemic should not be surprising. After all, pornography works in the most basic of ways on the brain. It is Pavlovian. An orgasm is one of the biggest reinforcers imaginable. If you associate orgasm with your wife, a kiss, a scent, a body, that is what, over time, will turn you on; if you open your focus to an endless stream of ever-more-transgressive images of cybersex, that is what it will take to arouse you. The ubiquity of sexual images does not free the power of Eros but dilutes it.

Feminists have often misunderstood sexual prohibition. I am not advocating a return to the days of hiding female sexuality, but I am noting that the power and charge of sex are maintained when there is some sacredness to it.

In some cultures it is not prudery that leads them to discourage men from looking at pornography. It is, rather, because these cultures understand male sexuality and what it takes to keep men and women physically interested in one another over time to help men, in particular, to, as the Old Testament puts it, “rejoice with the wife of thy youth; let her breasts satisfy thee at all times”. These cultures urge men not to look at porn because they know that maintaining a powerful erotic bond between parents is a key element of a strong family.

I will never forget a visit I made to Ilana, an old friend who had become an Orthodox Jew in Jerusalem. She had abandoned her jeans and T-shirts for long skirts and a headscarf. “Can't I even see your hair?” I asked, trying to find my old friend in there. “Only my husband,” she said with a calm sexual confidence, “ever gets to see my hair.” When she showed me the bedroom, draped in Middle-Eastern embroideries that she shares only with her husband - no kids allowed - the sexual intensity in the air was archaic, overwhelming. It was private.

Compare that with a conversation I had with a student after I had talked about the effect of porn on relationships. “I prefer to have sex right away just to get it over with, to get rid of the tension.”

“Isn't the tension kind of fun?” I asked. “Doesn't that also get rid of the mystery?”

“Mystery?” He looked at me blankly. And then, without hesitating, he replied: “I don't know what you're talking about. Sex has no mystery.”
中文一
色情文化会破坏你的情感健康吗？

由于互联网，色情文学已经成为我们生活的中心，给我们的性健康和情感健康带来了严重的影响。

20世纪80年代成名的反色情活动家安德里亚.德沃金认为，如果我们不对色情文化加以限制的话，大多数男人将会把女人更加彻底的具体化，他们把女人当做色情明星，而不是人。防洪闸门将打开，随之而来的是强奸和其他的性犯罪。

从那时以来，因特网，更重要的是宽带在大多数西方家庭的出现，已经意味着色情文学已经离开了它曾经占领的边缘地带——成年人隐秘的追求，它已经渗透到主流公共场所。整个世界已经变得色情。十年前，男人因为色情“出轨”经常被认为是个丑闻，但是在杰奎史密斯的费用索赔附带表中，暴露了她的丈夫理查德.提姆尼观看按次付费的色情电影，他观看色情电影并没有任何特别的严重违法。公共基金买单，丑闻越来越多。

不言而喻的猜测是现在每一个人，至少是大多数男人使用过色情内容。本周第四频道针对英国青少年的调查显示，28%的青少年是通过色情文化了解性。青年男女事实上正在通过色情培训了解什么是性，它看起来是怎样的，它的规范和期望是什么。这是我们人类关于性的印记的巨大转变。我们大多数历史色情概念已经被真的裸体女人所反映，称颂和替代。但是今天，权力和魅力的形象在人类历史上首次取代了真正的裸体女人。

想和裸体的女人在一起的男人比市场上裸体的女人多。如果你没有什么有效地让人震惊的东西，你仅仅可以通过显露自己来得到相当热烈的回应。你的男朋友可能已经看过花花公子，但是，请注意，你可以动，你有体温，你是真实的。30年前，简单的性爱在进入主流意识的色情文学中被认为是色情片：笨拙的，认真的，传教士式体位的性交仍然被认为是一个巨大的转变。

现在，我42岁了，我这一代是有性私密和安全意识经历的最后一代女性，这是我们必需保证的。现在，简单的裸露是不够的，你必须一丝不挂，晒成棕褐色的肌肤——没有太阳晒后黑白不均的颜色，有如做过外科手术般坚挺的胸部和打过蜡一样的肌肤，就像三级片中的那样。色情文学已经告诉了我们西方美丽的标准，不管它是不是国际性的。在我的健身房里，我注意到40岁的妇女有体毛，但是20出头的年轻人都已经修剪过——在时尚界基本看不到。在二十世纪七十年代，色情是真正裸体女人的代名词。现在，年轻人真正的性行为是绝对的色情，而真正裸体的女人仅仅是糟糕的色情。

色情不再在范围之外；酷女孩和小伙子去脱衣舞俱乐部，甚至要求坐在客人的腿上跳脱衣舞；大学女孩在小型聚会上被期待和同性恋接吻而戏弄男孩。所有这些流行开来的两性间的景象是否就意味着性已经被解放了？
中文二
事实上，德沃金已经落后了。所有过量的低俗的色情作品正在冲淡人们的性激情，尤其是对年轻人。数十亿美元的色情业和驱动力、性欲望之间的关系就像农业，加工食品，超大量配给和肥胖之间的关系。如果劣质材料刺激满足了你，这将会需要更多的垃圾来填补你。研究表明色情确实会让人沉迷，尤其是对男人，并且从长远来看，这将会损害他们的性欲。性功能障碍专家现在遇到一种流行病，健康年轻男子无法轻松的和他们的伴侣进行性行为，原因是他们过度沉迷于色情。随着接触到越来越多的色情，很多男人需要越来越高层次的刺激，或者越来越极端的情况才能勃起。由于色情，人们更少有性爱，所以看起来人们并不亲密。

色情抑制欲望。当我最近在纽约杂志上这样说时，我得到的回复显示这确实是男人之间的共鸣。整整一代人可能更少人能和真正的女人交合。我见到过关注他们的性生活而远离色情的男人，他们不是出于道德的原因，而是因为身体和情感健康的原因；他们希望保护他们的欲望。

这种流行病的数据并不令人惊奇。毕竟，色情文学是通过最基本的方式对大脑产生作用。这就是巴甫洛夫学说。性高潮时最大的强化想象。如果你将性高潮与你的妻子联系在一起，这就是一个吻，一种气味，一个身体都会让你神魂颠倒；如果你把你的注意力放在无止境的一系列有犯罪倾向的虚拟性爱影像上，就是这些将使你勃起。性爱影像的无处不在并没有释放性爱的能量，却冲淡了它。

女权主义者经常误解性禁令。我不主张回到隐藏女性性行为的年代，但是我注意到当性有些神圣性的时候，性的能力和刺激才能保持。

在有些文化中，导致她们阻止男人接受色情文学并不值得大惊小怪。在一定程度上是因为这些文化理解男性性行为，知道帮助男人随着时间的推移采取措施来保持男人和女人身体上的相互吸引，尤其是，就像旧约所说一样，“使你年青的妻子高兴，让她的乳房一直满足你”。这些文化敦促男人不看色情色情作品，因为他们知道在父母之间维持坚固的色情关系，是一个健康家庭的关键因素。

我永远不会忘记对我老朋友依拉娜的一次拜访，她已经在耶路撒冷成为了一个正统的犹太人。她为了长裙和头巾已经放弃了牛仔和T恤衫。“我甚至连你的头发都不能看吗？”我问，试图在里面找到我的老朋友。“只有我丈夫曾经能够看到我的头发，”她冷静的很确定的说。当她展示用中东刺绣装饰的她仅仅只和她丈夫拥有的卧室时——孩子是不允许进入的，空气中的性欲强度是古老的，势不可挡的。它是私密的。

将这与我在谈论色情文化对两性关系的影响作之后和一个学生的谈话做对比，“我喜欢做爱只是因为想彻底摆脱紧张。”

“紧张不也是一种乐趣吗？”我问，“这样不也带走了神秘吗？”

“神秘？”他茫然的看着我。然后他毫不犹豫的回答我说：“我不知道你在说什么，性没有神秘性。”