古典音乐cost disease

　　V1【段落大意】

　　第一段：

　　关于一个模型叫做cost disease，就是认为古典音乐艺术之类的成本没有随着经济发展大幅增加，因为科技发展可以使得其他生产规模化降低成本，但是每个观众的成本却没有增加一个什么人认为资金在音乐艺术方面投入不够多，然后他的观点立即被否定，否定他主要有两个原因。定位第一段：sponsor and subsidy，可以提供更多的funding，使得available to 更多的人。

　　第二段：

　　批判，科技发展也使得古典音乐能在更大的礼堂公开演出使得更多的观众得以享受;好像是说资金投入在功放(amplification)上了，如果没有amplification，那么表演者只能表演给更少的人听(这里有考题)。recording和broadcast也是得益于科技发展。

　　第三段：

　　其实因为agency和经理使得一些star出场费非常非常高，也使得整个音乐艺术成本增加，使得这一项商业成为一种混合体，经济学家也没有充分考虑影响音乐成本的因素，比如古典音乐的成本一大部分是给著名音乐家的，这些和技术也没关系。

　　V2【段落大意】

　　第一段：

　　讲了社会中，ART 表演的生产销率问题，作者说，别的东东生产效率都上去了，但是art表演没有，cost一直超过正常的inflation，然后讲了art的cost为什么降不下来的原因，举了个例子(而且出了个in order to 题)，说一部45分钟的表演，他的productivity从来没有下来过，我觉得作者的意图是说：一部45分钟的表演，就必须演满45分钟，不可能像manufacturing那样通过缩短工时来提高效率。

　　第二段：

　　用了两个人的study来讨论，第一个反驳了第一段的观点。第二个人的研究是资料数据统计，说N个剧院里的情况的确像第一段里面说的那样，cost一直上升。但是最后第二个人对第一段的解释的支持是带让步的，总之不是完完全全赞同第一段的内容，文章的套路也很典型，突出“qualified opinion”的感觉。

　　【题目】

　　1.逻辑类比，哪项更像cost disease 描述的

　　2.下列哪项是对的?有两个选项很混淆，(另外3个明显错)

　　3.音乐的费用会降下来，如果下列哪项假设成立?

　　4.记得一题是说a和b的观点在那个方面相同

　　5.还有一题是那个45分钟演奏的例子in order to/有一个例子作用题

　　6.这一段第一个学者也举了个例子。

　　【补充阅读】

　　Baumol's cost disease (also known as the Baumol Effect) is a phenomenon described by William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen in the 1960s. It involves a rise of salaries in jobs that have experienced no increase of labor productivity in response to rising salaries in other jobs which did experience such labor productivity growth. This goes against the theory in classical economics that wages are always closely tied to labor productivity changes.

　　The rise of wages in jobs without productivity gains is caused by the necessity to compete for employees with jobs that did experience gains and hence can naturally pay higher salaries, just as classical economics predicts. For instance, if the music industry pays its musicians 19th century style salaries, the musicians may decide to quit and get a job at an automobile factory where salaries are commensurate to high labor productivity. Hence, musicians' salaries are increased not due to labor productivity increases in the music industry, but rather due to productivity and wage increases in other industries.

　　The original study was conducted for the performing arts sector. Baumol and Bowen pointed out that the same number of musicians are needed to play aBeethovenstring quartet today as were needed in the 1800s; that is, the productivity of Classical music performance has not increased. On the other hand, wages of musicians (as well as in all other professions) have increased greatly since the 19th century.

　　In a range of businesses, such as the car manufacturing sector and the retail sector, workers are continually getting more productive due to technological innovations to their tools and equipment. In contrast, in some labor-intensive sectors that rely heavily on human interaction or activities, such as nursing,education, or the performing arts there is little or no growth in productivity over time. As with the string quartet example, it takes nurses the same amount of time to change a bandage, or college professors the same amount of time to mark an essay, in 2006 as it did in 1966.

　　Baumol's cost disease is often used to describe the lack of growth in productivity in public services such as public hospitals and state colleges. Since manypublic administration activities are heavily labor-intensive there is little growth in productivity over time. As a result growth in the GDP will generate little more resources to be spent in public sector. Thus public sector production is more depended on taxation level than growth in the GDP.