24.黑奴和罢工(+2)

　　V1

　　P1 讲了二战前夏威夷亚洲移民和内战前黑奴的争取工作上的权利的相似与不同。相似处在于：都是一种crop，还有一点相似点忘了;然后不同处在于：夏威夷的移民普遍都是自愿来的而黑奴是被迫的(此处有考点)。

　　P2 讲了20实际初的一些罢工，有一次大闺蜜的菲律宾和日本人组织的罢工，几乎占到了整个夏威夷workforce的77%(此处亦有考点，问这里能infer出Korean & Chinese的一些什么特点，我的答案：说明K&C占workforce不到25%)。然后说这些运动为后期奠定基础，呼唤了不同种族之间的联盟意识。

　　V2：

　　二战期间，军事+工业对于黑人的需求使黑人的社会地位增加，投票选举的参与也增加等等。黑人和白人之间的种族歧视也越来越小等等，黑人还有一些union。本着这种对社会地位增加和未来美好生活的期待，很多黑人加入了一个XXX组织(有缩写)。但是到后面因为黑人和白人在劳资，工作等方面的纠纷和竞争，局势又恶化了，原来的union也不调解了，然后很多黑人就诉诸churches之类的

　　[考古，未确认]

　　GWD-9-Q21-Q23黑兄弟顶着歧视加入白人工会的原因

　　In the 1930’s and 1940’s,African American industrial workers in the southern United Line States, who constituted 80 per- (5)cent of the unskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While the American Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans or (10) maintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy of equal (15)rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’s backbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforced by White union members(20), unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumental in maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racial discrimination that kept (25)African Americans socially and economically oppressed during this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as a central factor in African (30)Americans’ economic marginalization, African American workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking change despite White unionists’ toleration of or (35)support for racial discrimination. The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: many became highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of (40)even racist White unionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers. African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions while (45)using them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.

　　1930-1940，African American workers strongly support unionization. While AFL… CIO on the basis equal rights to all. Yet it can be argued that… However, AA saw the needs to join with… Efforts of AA eventually paid off:…. AA thus succeeded in …..

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　　GWD-9-Q21:

　　The passage is primarily concerned with

　　A. demonstrating that unions failed to address the concerns of African American workers during a particular period

　　B. arguing that African American workers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimately beneficial to the

　　C. contrasting the treatment of African American workers by two different labor organizations during a particular period

　　D. giving reasons for the success of African American unionists in winning victories for both African American and White workers during a particular period

　　E. questioning one explanation for the attitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particular period

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　　GWD-9-Q22:

　　According to the passage, which of the following was true of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?

　　A. Their attitudes toward African American union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities of these organizers were serving workers’ interests.

　　B. They were a powerful element in the southern labor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factory labor force in the southern United States.

　　C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’s adoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.

　　D. Their primary goal was to strengthen the negotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.

　　E. Their advocacy of racial discrimination hampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.

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　　GWD-9-Q23:

　　The author of the passage suggests which of the following about African American workers who participated in union activities in the 1930’s and 1940’s

　　?

　　A. They believed that the elimination of discrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievement of economic advancement for African Americans.

　　B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unions because they were excluded from AFL unions.

　　C. They believed that the economic advancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts to empower all workers.

　　D. Some of them advocated the organization of separate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFL and the CIO.

　　E. Many of them did not believe that White unionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination against African American workers.