(单词翻译:单击)
Passage Two
短文二
Everyone is supposed to cheer for good guys, and we should only punish the bad guys.
每个人都应该为好人喝彩，只惩罚坏人。
But that's not what we always do.
但这并不是我们一贯的做法。
Most of the time, we do indeed reward good people.
大多数时候，我们确实奖励好人。
We also often punish people who harm others or who aren't good team players.
也惩罚那些伤害他人，或不配合团队合作的人。
But sometimes the good guys also get punished or criticized, specifically because they are so good.
但有时好人也会受到惩罚或批评，特别是当他们表现太好的时候。
This seems baffling, because it's detrimental to group cooperation.
这似乎令人费解，因为这种做法不利于团队合作。
However, the phenomenon has been discovered in multiple fields, and it has been found in every society.
然而，多个领域都出现了这一现象，每个社会中也都存在相同的现象。
Why does this happen?
为什么会这样？
Research suggests a simple reason.
研究给出了一个简单的答案。
When one person looks really good, others look bad by comparison.
如果一个人看起来很好，相比之下，其他人就看起来很糟糕。
Those others then have an incentive in stopping that person from looking good, especially if they can't or won't compete.
因此，其他人就会避免让这个人看起来太优秀，特别是他们不能或不愿与之竞争的时候。
After all, we're all judged in comparison with others.
毕竟，我们得到的评估都依赖于与他人的对比。
When faced with someone better, what can a normal person do?
面对一个更好的人，正常人能怎么做？
One option is to actively compete.
第一种选择是积极竞争。
A second option is to bring that person down.
第二种选择是把那个更好的人拉下水。
That is to suppress their cooperation or work ethic, infer selfish motives for their actions, or imply real or imagined hypocrisy.
也就是妨碍他的合作，破坏他的职业道德，推断他的行为有自私的动机，或暗示他的虚伪，无论这种暗示是真实存在的还是想象中的。
Other tactics include attacking them on unrelated dimensions or punishing them outright.
其他方法包括在无关的方面攻击他，或者直接惩罚他。
Why does this matter?
这些事情为什么重要呢？
Critics often attack the motives of people who protect the environment, donate money or work too hard.
批评者经常抨击那些保护环境、捐款或工作太努力的人，认为他们动机不纯。
Such good deeds are dismissed as naive or hypocritical by those who do not perform those deeds.
那些不做善事的人认为这些善行是幼稚或虚伪的。
This criticism may ultimately discourage people from doing good deeds.
这种批评最终可能会导致人们不再好事。
So it's important to recognize these attacks for what they are.
因此，重要的是要认识到这些攻击的本质。
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
请根据你听到的文章回答问题12至问题15。
Q12:What baffling phenomenon is discussed in the passage?
问题12：文中讨论了什么令人费解的现象？
Q13:How are we all judged according to the passage?
问题13：根据这段短文，我们都是怎样得到他人评估的？
Q14:What can a normal person do when faced with people who perform better?
问题14：面对表现更好的人，一个正常人能做些什么？
Q15:What may discourage people from performing good deeds?
问题15：什么可能会妨碍人们做好事？
