六级写作

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the use of robots. Try to imagine what will happen when more and more robots take the place of human beings in industry as well as people's daily lives. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

听力长对话
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer. from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Project organizer.
B) Public relations officer.
C) Marketing manager.
D) Market research consultant.

2. A) Quantitative advertising research.
B) Questionnaire design.
C) Research methodology.
D) Interviewer training.

3. A) They are intensive studies of people's spending habits.
B) They examine relations between producers and customers.
C) They look for new and effective ways to promote products.
D) They study trends or customer satisfaction over a long period.

4. A) The lack of promotion opportunity.
B) Checking charts and tables.
C) Designing questionnaires.
D) The persistent intensity.

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

5. A) His view on Canadian universities.
B) His understanding of higher education.
C) His suggestions for improvements in higher education.
D) His complaint about bureaucracy in American universities.

6. A) It is well designed.
B) It is rather inflexible.
C) It varies among universities.
D) It has undergone great changes.

7. A) The United States and Canada can learn from each other.
B) Public universities are often superior to private universities.
C) Everyone should be given equal access to higher education.
D) Private schools work more efficiently than public institutions.

8. A) University systems vary from country to country.
B) Efficiency is essential to university management.
C) It is hard to say which is better, a public university or a private one.
D) Many private university in the U.S. are actually large bureaucracies.

听力短文

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have just heard.

9. A) Government's role in resolving an economic crisis.
B) The worsening real wage situation around the world.
C) Indications of economic recovery in the United States.
D) The impact of the current economic crisis on peopled life.

10. A) They will feel less pressure to raise employees' wages.
B) They will feel free to choose the most suitable employees.
C) They will feel inclined to expand their business operations.
D) They will feel more confident in competing with their rivals.

11. A) Employees and companies cooperate to pull through the economic crisis.
B) Government and companies join hands to create jobs for the unemployed.
C) Employees work shorter hours to avoid layoffs.
D) Team work will be encouraged in companies.

Passage Two
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

12. A) Whether memory supplements work.
B) Whether herbal medicine works wonders.
C) Whether exercise enhances one's memory.
D) Whether a magic memory promises success.

13. A) They help the elderly more than the young.
B) They are beneficial in one way or another.
C) They generally do not have side effects.
D)They are not based on real science.

14. A) They are available at most country fairs.
B) They are taken in relatively high dosage.
C) They are collected or grown by farmers.
D) They are prescribed by trained practitioners.

15. A) They have often proved to be as helpful as doing mental exercise.
B) Taking them with other medications might entail unnecessary risks.
C) Their effect lasts only a short time.
D) Many have benefited from them.

听力录音
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Recording One
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.

16. A) How catastrophic natural disasters turn out to be to developing nations.
B) How the World Meteorological Organization studies natural disasters.
C) How powerless humans appear to be in face of natural disasters.
D) How the negative impacts of natural disasters can be reduced.

17. A) By training rescue teams for emergencies.
B) By taking steps to prepare people for them.
C) By changing people's views of nature.
D) By relocating people to safer places.

18. A) How preventive action can reduce the loss of life.
B) How courageous Cubans are in face of disasters.
C) How Cubans suffer from tropical storms.
D) How destructive tropical storms can be.

Recording Two
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

19. A) Pay back their loans to the American government.
B) Provide loans to those in severe financial difficulty.
C) Contribute more to the goal of a wider recovery.
D) Speed up their recovery from the housing bubble.

20. A) Some banks may have to merge with others.
B) Many smaller regional banks are going to fail.
C) It will be hard for banks to provide more loans.
D) Many banks will have to lay off some employees.

21. A) It will work closely with the government.
B) It will endeavor to write off bad loans.
C) It will try to lower the interest rate.
D) It will try to provide more loans.

22. A) It won't help the American economy to turn around.
B) It won't do any good to the major commercial banks.
C) It will win the approval of the Obama administration.
D) It will be necessary if the economy starts to shrink again.

Recording Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.

23. A) Being unable to learn new things.
B) Being rather slow to make changes.
C) Losing temper more and more often.
D) Losing the ability to get on with others.

24. A) Cognitive stimulation.
B) Community activity.
C) Balanced diet.
D) Fresh air.

25. A) Ignoring the signs and symptoms of aging.
B) Adopting an optimistic attitude towards life.
C) Endeavoring to give up unhealthy lifestyles.
D) Seeking advice from doctors from time to time.

Section A选词填空
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

Let's say you love roller-skating. Just the thought of __26__ on your roller-skates brings a smile to your face. You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise. You have a __27__ attitude toward it.
This description of roller-skating __28__ the three components of an attitude: affect, cognition, and behavior. You love the activity; it's great fun. These feelings __29__ the affective or emotional component; they are an important ingredient in attitudes. The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude. You understand the health __30__ that the activity can bring. Finally, attitudes have a behavioral component. Our attitudes __31__ us to go outside to enjoy roller-skating.
Now, we don't want to leave you with the __32__ that these three components always work together __33__ . They don't; sometimes they clash. For example, let's say you love pizza (affective component); however, you have high cholesterol and understand (knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad for your health. Which behavior will your attitude result in, eating pizza or __34__ it? The answer depends on which component happens to be stronger. If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime, your emotions and feelings probably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for your health. In that instance, you have pizza for lunch. If you are at home trying to decide where to go for dinner, however, the knowledge component may __35__ , and you decide to go where you can eat a healthier meal.

A.avoiding

B.benefits

C.highlight

D.illustrates

E.impression

F.improves

G.inquiring

H.perfectly

I.positive

J.prevail

K.primarily

L.prompt

M.specifications

N.strapping

O.typical

Section B段落匹配
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Changing Generation
[A] It turns out today's teenagers aren't so scary after all. Results of USA WEEKEND'S Teens & Parents survey reveal a generation of young people who get along well with their parents and approve of the way they're being raised. They think of their parents with affection and respect. They speak with Mom or Dad when they have a problem. Most feel that their parents understand them, and they believe their family is the No. 1 priority in their parents, lives. Many even think their parents are cool! Although more than a third have an object in their rooms they would like to keep secret from their parents, rarely is it anything more alarming than a diary or off-color (低俗的) book or CD.
[B] Such results may seem surprising against the background of shocking incidents that color the way the mass media portray the young. In October 2000, , the same month the survey was taken, the Washington-based Center for Media and Public Affairs wrote in its publication Media Monitor that, in a recent month of TV news coverage of American youth, just 2% of teens were shown at home, and just 1% were portrayed in a work setting. In contrast, the criminal justice system accounted for nearly one out of every five visual backgrounds. No wonder parents worry their own kids might spin out of control once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence.
[C] The overall facts ought to reassure us. The survey shows us that today's teens are affectionate, sensible and far happier than the angry and tortured souls that have been painted for us by stereotypes. From other sources, we also know teenage crime, drug abuse and premarital sex are in general decline. We, of course, need to pay attention to youngsters who are filled with discontent and hostility, but we should not allow these extreme cases to distort our view of most young people.
[D] My own research at the Stanford Center on Adolescence uses in-depth interviews with small samples of youngsters rather than large-scale surveys. Still, in my studies and others I have read, I find the same patterns as in USA WEEKEND'S survey. Today's teenagers admire their parents and welcome parental guidance about important matters such as career choice—though certainly not Mom and Dad's advice on matters of personal taste, such as music or fashion. When we ask teens to choose a hero，they usually select an older family member rather than a remote public figure. Most teens say they enjoy the company of both parents and friends.
[E] Contrary to some stereotypes, most adolescents believe they must be tolerant of differences among individuals (though they do not always find this easy in the cliquish (拉帮结派的) environment of high school). Many of them volunteer for community service with disadvantaged people. One prevalent quality we have found in teens, statements about themselves, their friends and their families is a strikingly positive emotional tone. By and large, these are very nice kids, and as the band The Who used to sing, "The kids are alright."
[F] How much is today's spirit of harmony a change from our more turbulent past? A mere generation ago, parent-child relations were described as "the generation gap". Yet even then reports of widespread youth rebellion were overdone: Most kids in the '60s and 70s shared their parents, basic values. Still, it is true that American families are growing closer at the dawn of this new millennium (千年). Perhaps there is less to fight about, with the country in a period of tranquility and the dangers of drug abuse and other unwholesome behavior well known. Perhaps in the face of impersonal and intimidating globalization, a young person's family feels more like a friendly haven than an oppressive trap. And perhaps parents are acting more like parents than in the recent past. Within just the past five years, I have noticed parents returning to a belief that teenagers need the guidance of elders rather than the liberal, "anything goes" mode of child-rearing that became popular in the second half of the 20th century.
[G] But missing from all these data is the sense that today's young care very much about their country, about the broader civic and political environment, or about the future of their society. They seem to be turning inward—generally in a pro-social manner, certainly with positive benefits for intimate relationships, but too often at the expense of a connection with the present and future world beyond, including the society they will one day inherit.
[H] Recently, we examined more than 400 essays on the "laws of life" that teens from two communities had written as part of an educational program initiated by the John Templeton Foundation in Radnor, Pa. In those essays, and in follow-up interviews with a few of the teenagers, we found lots of insight, positive feeling and inspirational thinking. But we also found little interest in civic life beyond the tight circles of their family and immediate friends.
[I] For example, only one boy said he would like to be president when he grows up. When I was in high school, dozens in my class alone would have answered differently. In fact, other recent studies have found there has never been a time in American history when so small a proportion of young people have sought or accepted leadership roles in local civic organizations. It is also troubling that voting rates among our youngest eligible voters—18- to 24-year-olds—are way down: Little more than one in four now go to the polls, even in national elections, compared with almost twice that many when 18-year-olds were first given the vote.
[J] In our interviews, many students viewed politics with suspicion and distaste. " Most politicians are kind of crooked (不诚实的)" one student declared. Another, discussing national politics, said, “I feel like one person can't do that much, and I get the impression most people don't think a group of people can do that much." Asked what they would like to change in the world, the students mentioned only personal concerns such as slowing down the pace of life, gaining good friends, becoming more spiritual, becoming either more materially successful or less materially oriented (depending on the student's values), and being more respectful of the Earth, animals and other people. One boy said, "I'd rather be concentrating on artistic efforts than saving the world or something."
[K] It is fine and healthy for teens to cultivate their personal interests, and it is good news when young people enjoy harmonious relations with their family and friends. But there is also a place in a young life for noble purposes that include a dedication to the broader society, a love of country and an aspiration to make their own leadership contributions.
[L] In the past, the young have eagerly participated in national service and civic affairs, often with lots of energy and idealism. If this is not happening today, we should ask why. Our society needs the full participation of its younger citizens if it is to continue to thrive. We know the promise is there—this is a well-grounded, talented, warm-hearted group of youngsters. We have everything to gain by encouraging them to explore the world beyond their immediate experience and to prepare themselves for their turn at shaping that world.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
36. Not many young people eligible for voting are interested in local or national elections these days.
37. Parents are concerned that their children may get involved in criminal offences once they reach their teens.
38. Even during the turbulent years of last century, youth rebellion was often exaggerated in the media.
39. Teenagers of today often turn to their parents for advice on such important matters as career choice.
40. The incidence of teenage crime and misbehavior is decreasing nowadays.
41. Young people should have lofty ideals in life and strive to be leaders.
42. Some young people like to keep something to themselves and don't want their parents to know about it.
43. It is beneficial to encourage young people to explore the broader world and get ready to make it a better place.
44. Many teenagers now offer to render service to the needy.
45. Interviews with students find many of them are only concerned about personal matters.
Section C仔细阅读
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Manufacturers of products that claim to be environmentally friendly will face tighter rules on how they are advertised to consumers under changes proposed by the Federal Trade Commission.
The commission's revised "Green Guides" warn marketers against using labels that make broad claims, like "eco-friendly". Marketers must qualify their claims on the product packaging and limit them to a specific benefit, such as how much of the product is recycled.
"This is really about trying to cut through the confusion that consumers have when they are buying a product and that businesses have when they are selling a product," said Jon Leibowitz, chairman of the commission.
The revisions come at a time when green marketing is on the rise. According to a new study, the number of advertisements with green messages in mainstream magazines has risen since 1987, and peaked in 2008 at 10.4%. In 2009, the number dropped to 9%.
But while the number of advertisements may have dipped, there has been a rapid spread of ecolabeling. There are both good and bad players in the eco-labeling game.
In the last five years or so, there has been an explosion of green claims and environmental claims. It is clear that consumers don't always know what they are getting.
A handful of lawsuits have been filed in recent years against companies accused of using misleading environmental labels. In 2008 and 2009, class-action lawsuits (集体诉讼) were filed against SC Johnson for using "Greenlist" labels on its cleaning products. The lawsuits said that the label was misleading because it gave the impression that the products had been certified by a third party when the certification was the company's own.
"We are very proud of our accomplishments under the Greenlist system and we believe that we will prevail in these cases," Christopher Beard, director of public affairs for SC Johnson, said, while acknowledging that "this has been an area that is difficult to navigate."
Companies have also taken it upon themselves to contest each other's green claims.
David Mallen, associate director of the Council of Better Business Bureau, said in the last two years the organization had seen an increase in the number of claims companies were bringing against each other for false or misleading environmental product claims.
"About once a week, I have a client that will bring up a new certification I've never even heard of and I'm in this industry, said Kevin Wilhelm, chief executive officer of Sustainable Business Consulting. "It's kind of a Wild West, anybody can claim themselves to be green." Mr. Wilhelm said the excess of labels made it difficult for businesses and consumers to know which labels they should pay attention to.

46. What do the revised "Green Guides" require businesses to do?
A) Manufacture as many green products as possible.
B) Indicate whether their products are recyclable.
C) Specify in what way their products are green.
D) Attach green labels to all of their products.
47. What does the author say about consumers facing an explosion of green claims?
A) They can easily see through the businesses' tricks.
B) They have to spend lots of time choosing products.
C) They have doubt about current green certification.
D) They are not clear which products are truly green.
48. What was SC Johnson accused of in the class-action lawsuits?
A) It gave consumers the impression that all its products were truly green.
B) It gave a third party the authority to label its products as environmentally friendly.
C) It misled consumers to believe that its products had been certified by a third party.
D) It sold cleaning products that were not included in the official "Greenlist".
49. How did Christopher Beard defend his company's labeling practice?
A) There were no clear guidelines concerning green labeling.
B) His company's products had been well received by the public.
C) It was in conformity to the prevailing practice in the market.
D) No law required the involvement of a third party in certification.
50. What does Kevin Wilhelm imply by saying "It's kind of a Wild West" (Line 3，Para. 11)?
A) Businesses compete to produce green products.
B) Each business acts its own way in green labeling.
C) Consumers grow wild with products labeled green.
D) Anything produced in the West can be labeled green.

Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next.
That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice.
It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' ，unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting.
I'd be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers.
There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact.
Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two.
The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28.
How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, ifs usually possible to tell which teachers are failing.
Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students.
Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers.
This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.

51. What do we learn about America's education system?
A) It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.
B) It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.
C) It has remained basically unchanged for generations.
D) It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.
52. What is chiefly responsible for the undesirable performance of inner-city schools?
A) Unqualified teachers. C) Unfavorable learning environment.
B) Lack of financial resources. D) Subconscious racial discrimination.
53. What does the author think the union should do to win popular support?
A) Assist the city government in reforming schools. C) Demand higher pay for teachers.
B) Give constructive advice to inner-city schools. D) Help teachers improve teaching.
54. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars?
A) Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs.
B) A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes.
C) Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers.
D) Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.
55. Why does the author say the Chicago unions demand is an insult to students?
A) It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.
B) It underestimates students, ability to tell good teachers from poor ones.
C) It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways.
D) It totally ignores students，initiative in the learning process.
翻译
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
旗袍（qipao）是一种雅致的中国服装，源于中国的满族（Manchu Nationality）。在清代，旗袍是王室女性穿着的宽松长袍。上世纪 20 年代，受西方服饰影响，旗袍发生了一些变化。袖口（cuffs）变窄，袍身变短。这些变化使女性美得以充分展现。
如今，旗袍经常出现在世界级的时装秀上。中国女性出席重要社交聚会时，旗袍往往是她们的首选。很多中国新 也会选择旗袍作为结婚礼服。一些有影响的人士甚至建议将旗袍作为中国女性的民族服饰。
答案解析

写作参考答案

The evolution of modem robot technology seems to be a mixed blessing. Optimists say that more robots will lead to greater productivity and economic growth, while pessimists complain that we will experience the greatest unemployment crisis in human history. As for me, the world where robots substitute manual and mental labor is delightful rather than fearful.
There is no doubt that human society is benefiting tremendously from robots. On the one hand, industrial robots can assist in carrying out dirty, dull and dangerous tasks while offering increased productivity and safety. On the other hand, domestic robots can provide household services, freeing human beings from the boredom of the daily chores. We aren't giving robots "easy jobs", but those that most of the time we aren't willing to do and even could never do. Without robots, these jobs would remain undone or be done inefficiently. In spite of the potential of machines to replace workers, technological progress has always eliminated some specific jobs. But in the meantime, it also has created new opportunities for human employment, at an even faster rate.
Robots are very likely to permeate much of our daily life in the coming years, but it is not necessary to worry they will snatch jobs from us, because we will assign more challenging jobs to them.

【解析】
本题要求考生围绕“在未来，越来越多的人工劳动将被机器取代会是怎样一番情景”写一篇作文，考生既可以阐述其积极的一面，也可以论述其不利的一面。根据题目要求，可以采取以下布局；
第一段；提出人们对机器人所持的不同态度，并表明自己的立场。机器人替代体力劳动和脑力劳动让我们的生活更加轻松快乐。
第二段：具体从两个方面来分析机器人取代人力劳动的积极意义。
第三段：总结全文，指出机器人不会抢走我们的工作，因为我们会让它们做更多的事。

听力　Section A 参考答案
1 What position does the woman hold in the company?
[D]【解析】对话一开头男士就问女士做市场调查顾问有多久了，可见女士在公司的职位是市场调査顾问。因此 D 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于职位的内容，预测问题问职业。②A 项“项目组织者”、B 项“公共关系职员”以及 C 项“营销经理”都没有在对话中提及，只是利用录音的个别字词 organize, project, relationship 作干扰，故均予以排除。
2 What does the woman specialize in at the moment?
[A]【解析】对话中女士在被男士问到对什么感兴趣时，女士回答说目前专攻量化广告研究。A 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于研究、设计、培训等内容，听音时留意相关信息。②B 项“调查问卷设计”和 C 项“研究方法论”都不是目前女士专攻的内容，是女士回答“和新客户建立良好关系要经历什么过程”这个问题时涉及到的，故排除；D 项“面试者培训”只是利用对话中出现的 interviewer 一词作干扰，故排除。
3 What does the woman say about trackers?
[D]【解析】对话中女士提到两个项目，其中之一是有关追踪系统，女士的解释为：这是个正在进行的项目，研究很长一段时期内的趋势或客户满意度。D 项中的 study 是录音原文中 look at 的同义替换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项的主语都是 They,听录音时要留意其指代什么事物及其相关信息。②A 项“它们是对人们消费习惯的集中研究”、B 项“它们调查生产者和顾客之间的关系”以及 C 项“它们寻找促销产品的有效的新方法”都不属于追踪系统的内容，故均予以排除。
4 What does the woman dislike about her job?
[B]【解析】对话末尾，女士对于最后一个问题——工作上喜欢和不喜欢的分别是什么的回答是：工作上的多样性对于我来说是重要的，至于不喜欢的内容就是图表的核对了。B 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项分别为关于晋升机会、设计调查问卷和检查图表等的名词短语，推测题目可能与工作相关。②C 项“设计调查问卷”是和新客户建立良好关系需要做的，并没有提到是女士不喜欢的工作内容，故排除；A 项“缺乏晋升机会”和 D 项“持续的紧张”都未在对话中提及，故排除。

5 What does the woman want Frederick to talk about?
[A] 【解析】对话一开头女士就请 Frederick 解释对于加拿大的大学的看法，由此可知，女士是想让 Frederick 讨论他对加拿大的大学的看法。A 项的表述与女士的意思一致，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于 his 的内容，听录音时要留意男士的相关信息。②女士只是想让男士谈下他对于加拿大的大学的看法，而不是想知道男士对于高等教育的理解，故 B 项错误；C 项“他对于高等教育改进的建议”未在对话中提及，故排除；D 项“他对于美国大学官僚主义的抱怨”掺杂女士对于美国大学的看法，属于张冠李戴，故予以排除。
6 What does the man say about the curriculum in Canadian universities?
[B] 【解析】对话中男士说到在加拿大，教育部负责设计大学的课程，没有太多灵活变通的空间，也就是说加拿大的大学课程是相当不灵活的。B 项中的 rather inflexible 是录音原文中 not much room for flexibility 的同义替换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是关于 It 的描述，听录音时要注意 It 指代什么及其相关信息。②录音只提到加拿大的大学课程由教育部设计，没有提到设计的质量怎么样、各大学课程表有何不同以及有何重大改变，故 A 项“它设计得很好”、C 项“它在不同的大学不一样”和 D 项“它经历了巨大的变化”均予以排除。
7 On what point do the speakers agree?
[C] 【解析】对话中女士说在美国有一个问题，就是通常只有有钱人家的孩子才能上最好的学校，男士对此表示赞同，并且讲到不能给予每个人平等的教育机会确实是个问题。由此看来，他们都认为每个人都应该被给予平等的机会去接受高等教育，故选 C 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项中出现 universities、education、 institutions 等关键词，推测问题可能与大学教育相关。②A 项“美国和加拿大可以互相学习”，关于借鉴和学习，男子只提到我们或许可以向日本学习，故排除。对话最后男士讲到很难说哪种大学更好，女士也表示认同，所以 B 项“公立大学比私立大学更优越”错误。录音中男士谈及加拿大公立大学的办事效率低的问题，而女士提到美国的私立大学同样存在官僚主义，所以无从判断哪种大学更有效率，故排除 D 项“私立学校比公立机构更有效率”。
8 What point does the man make at the end of the conversation?
[C]【解析】对话最后男士得出结论：很难说公立大学和私立大学哪一个更好，因此，C 项为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是围绕大学这个话题展开，听录音时要注意相关信息。②录音谈及三个国家以及它们不同的大学制度，但男子并没有就此得出结论“大学制度随着国家的不同而不同”，故排除 A 项。B 项“效率对于大学管理来说至关重要”，男子虽然谈及公立大学的管理效率问题，但他没有说效率是至关重要的，故排除 B 项。D 项“美国的很多私立大学实际上都是巨大的官僚机构”是女士的看法，而不是男士的结论，故排除。

Section B 参考答案
9 What is the International Labor Organization's report mainly about?
[B]【解析】录音开头提到，国际劳工组织最近的一份报告指出，世界各地实际工资水平的恶化情况让人质疑经济复苏的真实程度，B 项的 worsening real wage 是录音中的 deterioration of real wages 的同义替换，因此本题选 B 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项均为有一定概括性的名词短语，推测本题有可能是主旨类的题目。②A 项“政府在解决经济危机过程中所起的作用”是利用录音中个别词编造的干扰项，并非该报告的主要内容；C 项的 indications 和 economic recovery 虽在录音中有出现过，但经济复苏的征兆并非主题，且录音并没有单指美国经济复苏的情况，故 C 项不选；D 项“当前的经济危机对人们生活的影响”，当下应该是经济危机后的恢复时期，而非 current economic crisis，由此可排除。
10 According to an International Labor Organization's specialist, how will employers feel if there are more people looking for jobs?
[A]【解析】录音提到，这位专家认为，当更多人失业，就有更多人求职，雇主在提升工资吸引员工方面的压力便随之下降，A 项的 less pressure 是录音中 pressure... will decline 的同义表达，故选 A 项。
【干扰项排除】①选项的主语都是 They,根据 raise employees' wages, choose... employees, expand... business operations 等关键词，推测 They 应该指雇主，听音时留意关于雇主的信息。②B 项“他们可以随意选择最合适的员工”、C 项“他们想扩展其经营范围”和 D 项“他们在跟对手竞争时会更有信心”均未在录音中提及。
11 What does the speaker mean by the work sharing scheme?
[C]【解析】录音末尾提到 work sharing scheme。该计划是想通过减少个人工时来避免裁员，然后由政府来补贴员工因减少工时而带来的损失，C 项是该处录音内容的同义表达，故为本题答案。
【干扰项排除】①根据选项出现的 employees, unemployed , layoffs 等关键词，推测问题可能与雇员失业或下岗有关，听音时留意相关信息。②A 项“员工和公司携手共度经济危机难关”、B 项“政府和企业联手为失业人员创造工作岗位”和 D 项“在企业内部鼓励团队合作”在录音中均未提及，故予以排除。

12 What question is frequently put to the speaker?
[A]【解析】说话人在录音开头部分即提到“我曾经经常被问到这些记忆力补品是否有效”，A 项是该处录音原句的概述，因此本题选 A 项。
【干扰项排除】①三个选项都出现了 memory，推测问题可能与记忆力有关，听音时留意相关信息。②B 项“草药是否有奇效”，录音中虽提到 herbal，但说话人被问的是是否真的有挽救记忆力的草本药物，B 项没有提到记忆力，故不选；C 项“锻炼是否有助于提高记忆力”是利用录音中提到的 workout“锻炼，练习”来设置干扰；D 项“拥有神奇的记忆力能否保证取得成功”在录音中未提及。
13 What does the speaker say about most memory supplements?
[D]【解析】说话人提到那类补品有很多并不一定名副其实，大部分的背后缺乏科学依据，D 项“他们并非以真正的科学为基础”是该句录音的同义表达。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项的主语都是 They,听音时留意其指代什么事物。②A 项“相较于年轻人，它们对年长者更有用”未在录音中提及；说话人多次表示这些补品多数没有什么效果，需谨慎服用，而且最后提到若跟其他药同服，还有可能产生不良后果,B 项“无论如何它们都是有益的”和 C 项“它们一般没什么副作用”与录音意思相反，均排除。
14 What do we learn about memory supplements in eastern cultures?
[D]【解析】录音提到，在一些东方国家，这类补药属于处方药，剂量须由经过训练的执业医师所定，D 项为该处录音的概括，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项的主语都是 They，听音时留意其指代什么事物。②A 项“它们在多数乡村集市上有售”和 C 项“它们是由农民采集和种植的”均未在录音中提及。B 项“它们服用时的剂量相对较大”与录音所述不符。
15 What does the speaker say about memory supplements at the end?
[B]【解析】录音结尾，说话人提醒：很多时候人们没有真正意识到服用这类补药带来的影响，也不知道与其他药物同服可能会增加出现某些不良情况的风险，B 项为该处录音的同义表达。
【干扰项排除】①根据选项出现的 They、them、medications、effect 等关键词，推测问题可能问某样药物的作用，听音时留意相关信息。②A 项“它们通常被证实跟做脑力训练一样有效”、C 项“它们的效果只持续一小段时间”和 D 项“很多人受益于它们”在录音中均未提及，故予以排除。
Section C 参考答案
16 What is the talk mainly about?
[D]【解析】录音一开头提到自然灾害造成的负面影响随处可见：大量人员伤亡和经济损失。随后气象专家 Geoffrey Love 提到在过去的 50 年里，经济损失增加了 50 倍，但死亡人数已经下降了 10 倍，原因是安全预警做得越来越好了。接下来录音都是围绕着人们采取预防措施来减少自然灾害带来的危害展开。因此 D 项正确。
【干扰项排除】①选项都出现关键词 natural disasters,
由此可知本题与自然灾害有关。②虽然录音开头有提及一些发展中国家遭受严重的自然灾害，但录音接下来强调的是，采取预防措施，这些国家的人员伤亡成功降低了，故 A 项不对。录音没有主要阐述世界气象组织如何研究自然灾害，故 B 项不对。C 项“人类在面对自然灾害上显得有多无力”与录音提到的人们采取预防措施应对自然灾害这一事实不符。
17 How can we stop extreme events from turning into disasters?
[B]【解析】录音提到 Geoffrey Love 说极端事件还会继续发生，但是只有当人们未能做好准备工作或预防措施时，极端事件才会最终演变成灾难，换言之，我们需要采取行动来为此做准备，因此选 B。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是 By+doing...结构，推测问题可能涉及做某事的方式。②A 项“通过训练救援队伍来应对突发事件”、C 项“通过改变人们对自然的看法”和 D 项“通过把人们迁移到更安全的地方”录音均没有提及，故排除。
18 What does the example of Cuba serve to show?
[A]【解析】录音最后，世界气象组织列举了古巴和孟加拉国作为例子，说明这两个国家通过采取预防措施，成功地减少了自然灾害带来的大量人员死亡。接着录音提到，采用了预警系统的古巴在 2008 年遭遇 5 次飓风连续袭击，仅有 7 人遇难。A 项与之相符。
【干扰项排除】B 项“勇敢的古巴人怎样面对灾难”录音没有提及，故排除；C 项“古巴人如何遭受热带风暴的袭击”，录音虽有提及古巴人每年都遭受很多次热带风暴袭击这一事实，但这不是举古巴为例子的目的，故 C 项不对。古巴在防范热带风暴袭击方面做得很成功，使得风暴造成的破坏并没有特别大，故排除 D 项“热带风暴的破坏力有多大”。

19 What does President Obama hope the banks will do?
[C]【解析】录音一开始提到，在美国政府和纳税人的帮助下，美国银行业得以复苏，总统奥巴马说银行是时候要作出回报了：现在银行更有义务去完成更大范围的经济复苏这一目标。C 项与录音相符。
【干扰项排除】①选项都是原形动词短语，推测问题可能与行为动作有关。②A 项“向美国政府偿还贷款”录音没有提到，是利用录音个别字词拼凑而成的；录音没有提到为那些经济严重困难的个人或企业提供贷款，因此 B 项错误。D 项“加快银行在房地产泡沫中的复苏”是利用录音中的 recovery 和 the housing bubble 设置的干扰项。
20 What is Martin Neil Baily's prediction about the financial situation in the future?
[B]【解析】录音提到，经济学家 Martin Neil Baily 认为银行业危机并没有结束，在 2009 年已经有 130 多家美国银行倒闭，预计在 2010 年会有更多规模小的地区性银行面临倒闭，原因是商业地产贷款将到期，B 项与之相符。
【干扰项排除】①选项中多次提及 banks，推测问题与银行业有关。②A 项“一些银行可能不得不与其他银行合并”录音没有提及，故予以排除；C 项“银行将难以提供更多的贷款”只是分析家的观点，并不是 Martin Neil Baily 的预测，故排除；录音只是提到高失业率可能会导致借贷需求的减少以及银行不愿意放贷，并没有提及许多银行将不得不解雇员工，因此 D 项错误。
21 What does U.S. Bankcorp chief Richard Davis say about its future operation?
[D]【解析】在银行的问题上，Richard Davis 比一些经济专家更乐观，他说借贷就好像煤炭对于引擎的作用一样，所以我们要放出更多的贷款。D 项中 provide more loans 是录音中 make more loans 的同义转换，故为正确答案。
【干扰项排除】①从选项的内容来看，题目与 It(银行）将来的举动有关。②A 项“与政府密切合作”、B 项“努力注销不良贷款”和 C 项“尝试降低利率”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。
22 What does Martin Neil Baily think of a second stimulus to the economy?
[D]【解析】录音最后提到，如果美国经济再次开始下滑，Baily 认为应该有充分的理由二度刺激经济，因此 D 项正确。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是关于 It 的情况，留意题目中的 It 指代何物。②A 项“它不会帮助美国经济好转”和 B 项“它不会对主要商业银行有好处”录音均没有提及，故予以排除；C 项是利用录音中 Obama administration 设置的干扰项，故排除。

23 According to the speaker, what might be a symptom of cognitive decline in older adults?
[A]【解析】录音开头提到当我们年老时，认知能力的下降意味着丧失学习新技能的能力，或者是容易忘记一些单词、名字和人脸。A 项的 unable to 是录音原文 the loss of ability 的同义转换。
【干扰项排除】①四个选项都是动名词短语，内容涉及一些负面的影响，注意细节。②B 项“作出改变相当缓慢”、C 项“越来越经常发脾气”和 D 项“失去与他人相处的能力”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。
24 According to James Burke, what does seem to help reduce cognitive decline?
[A]【解析】录音提到 James Burke 认为虽然没有有力的证据证实运动、饮食和认知刺激可以帮助降低认知能力衰退，但是它们仍能发挥一定的积极作用。因此 A 项是正确的。
【干扰项排除】录音没有提及参加社区活动和呼吸新鲜空气能减少认知能力衰退，因此 B 项和 D 项不对；录音只是提到饮食是减缓认知能力衰退的因素之一，并没有指是均衡饮食，也有可能指提高记忆力的食材，因此 C 项也不准确。
25 What did James Burke recommend to reduce the incidence of cognitive decline?
[C]【解析】录音最后提到，James Burke 提出一些建议，从医学、营养和认知刺激的角度来看，人们采取健康的生活方式，可以减少认知能力衰退的发生，故 C 项“尝试放弃不健康的生活方式”正确。
【干扰项排除】A 项“忽略衰老的症状和体征”、B 项“采取积极的生活态度”和 D 项“时不时向医生征求建议”录音均没有提及，故予以排除。

阅读参考答案
26 [N]空格前的 of 表明此处应填入动名词，与介词 on 搭配。空格后的 roller-skates 指“溜冰鞋”，词库的动名词中，strapping 可与 on 搭配，后接表示鞋子的宾语，意为“用带子系上(鞋子）”，符合此处语境。
27[I]此处需填入修饰 attitude 的词，由 a 可知需填入的单词是辅音字母开头的。上文提到“你”喜欢溜旱冰，穿上鞋子就微笑。“你”同样知道溜旱冰是很好的运动，因此这种态度是积极正面的，故填入 positive “积极的”。
28[D]此处应填入谓语动词，由主语 description 可知是第三人称单数形式。文章开头的 Let's say...表明第一段对溜旱冰的描绘是举例，因此此处符合语义逻辑的是 illustrates“说明，阐明”，该处句子的意思是“对溜旱冰的描述说明了态度有三个组成部分”。
29[C]此处应填入谓语动词，由主语 feelings 可知是动词原形。本句要说明态度的第一个部分 affect “情感”，主语 these feelings 指的是对溜旱冰这项活动的喜爱之情，highlight “强调，突出”与宾语 the affective or emotional component“情感或感情部分”搭配合理。而 prevail“流行，盛行；获胜”是不及物动词,prompt “推动；提示”在语义上也不合逻辑。
30[B]空格在名词 health 之后，可能填入副词或名词。因为空格后的 that the activity can bring“这项活动可以带来的”是定语从句，故应填入名词，充当从句先行词。第一段提到“你”知道溜旱冰是极好的运动(excellent exercise)，因此本句填入语义相关的 benefits “好处”。
31[L]此处应填入谓语动词，构成～sb. to do sth.结构，主语 attitudes 表明该词是原形。符合要求的是 prompt “促使”，句子意思是“我们的态度促使我们去外面享受溜旱冰的乐趣”。
32 [E]空格前的 the 表明此处应填入名词，空格后 that 引导的是同位语从句，意为“这三个组成部分总是协调统一的”。impression“印象”符合上下文语义，指“我们不想给你留下这种印象”,呼应后文“它们并不是”。
33[H]空格在 work together 之后，故应填入副词。perfectly“完美地”符合语境，指这三个部分配合完美。上下文没有表示动作先后的描述，故 primarily“主要地，首先”不对。
34 [A]由 or 可知此处应填入与 eating 并列的动名词，意思上表示相反的情况，因此 avoiding“避免”正确，指“吃比萨还是不吃”。
35[J]空格前的 may 表明此处应填入动词原形，且是不及物动词。上一句提到情感部分可能更强的情形（probably will be stronger），本句指认知部分更强的情况，故填入与 be stronger 近义的 prevail“获胜”。

36 [I]【译文】如今很多符合资格的年轻选民对地方选举或者全国大选不感兴趣。
【定位解析】根据 eligible for voting 和 national elections 查找到 I 段最后一句，该句提到最年轻的（18 至 24 岁）合格选民的投票率非常低。即使是全国大选，他们之中也只有稍多于四分之一的人会去投票。题目的 young people eligible for voting 对应原文中的 youngest eligible voters,而 national elections 则为文中原词复现,故本题答案为 I 段。
37[B]【译文】父母担心自己的孩子在步入青少年时期后会卷入刑事犯罪中。
【定位解析】根据 concerned, criminal offences 以及 reach their teens,可查找到 B 段最后两句。这两句提到在跟年轻人有关的电视新闻画面中，有 20%与刑事案件有关，父母总是担心自己的小孩到了青春叛逆期会变得难以管控，题目是该处原文的同义表达。本题中的 criminal offences 对应原文的 criminal justice system, concern 对应原文的 worry，而 once they reach their teens 则是 once they hit the turbulent waters of adolescence 的同义转述，故本题答案为 B 段。
38 [F]【译文】即使在上世纪动荡不安的年代里，年轻人的反叛也经常被媒体描述得太夸张。
【定位解析】根据 youth rebellion 和 exaggerated 可查找到 F 段第 3 句。该句提到，即使在当时，所谓的“大规模的年轻人叛逆”也被媒体报道夸大了。本题的 exaggerated 是原文 overdone 的同义表达（overdo 意为“对……过于夸张”）,youth rebellion 则为原词复现，所以 F 段为正确答案。
39[D]【译文】现在的青少年经常在一些重要的事情上，比如说选择职业时，征求父母的建议。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 turn to their parents for advice 和 career choice 可查找到 D 段第 3 句。该句提到，现在的青少年很钦佩他们的父母，也很乐于在一些重大的事情上，比如在选择职业时，接受父母的引导。题目是该处原文的同义表述，turn to their parents for advice 对应原文的 welcome parental guidance,而 career choice 为原词复现，故本题答案为 D 段。
40 [C]【译文】青少年犯罪和品行不端的现象正在减少。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 teenage crime 和 decreasing 查找到 C 段第 3 句。该句提到，犯罪、药物滥用和婚前性行为这些现象在青少年群体中普遍都有所减少。本题中的 decreasing 是原文 in general decline 的同义转述，misbehavior 是对原文 drug abuse and premarital sex 的概括，而 teenage crime 为原词复现，题目正是对该句原文的同义表述，所以 C 段为正确答案。
41[K]【译文】年轻人要有崇高的理想，要力争成为领导者。
【定位解析】根据 lofty ideals 和 leaders,查找到 K 段第 2 句。该句指出，年轻人也应当要有一些崇高的目标，包括愿意为这个更广大的社会做出贡献、热爱国家、心怀成为未来领导者的远大抱负。题目中的 lofty ideals 是原文 noble purposes 的同义转述，strive to be leaders 对应文中的 make their own leadership contributions，故 K 段为正确答案。
42 [A]【译文】有些年轻人会把某些东西藏起来不让父母发现。
【定位解析】根据 keep some to themselves 查找到 A 段末句。该句指出，虽然有超过三分之一的青少年会在房间里藏一些不想让父母发现的东西，但也不过就是些低俗的刊物或者 CD 罢了。题目中的 keep some to themselves 是对原文 keep secret from their parents 的同义转述，故选 A 段。
43 [L]【译文】鼓励年轻人探索更广阔的世界并为将世界变得更美好而做好准备，这是有益的。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 encourage、explore、world 可查找到 L 段的最后一句。该句指出，鼓励年轻人探索超越直接经验的世界，让他们为改变世界而做好准备，我们会有无穷的收获。题目中的 It is beneficial 是对文中 We have everything to gain 的同义转述，explore the broader world 和原文中的 explore the world beyond their immediate experience 对应，make it a better world 即原文中的 shaping that world，故正确答案为 L 段。
44 [E]【译文】现在很多青少年都会为需要帮助的人提供服务。
【定位解析】根据 service 和 the needy 查找到 E 段第 2 句。该句指出，很多青少年都会自愿参加帮助弱势群体的社区服务。题目中的 the needy 是原文 disadvantaged people 的同义替换，故答案为 E 段。
45[J]【译文】采访发现，学生基本都只关注自己的事。
【定位解析】根据题目中的 Interviews 和 personal matters 查找到 J 段第 4 句。J 段讲到被采访的学生的反馈，当被问及想有什么改变时，学生们都只提到了跟自身有关的事，即只关注自己的事。题目正是对此处的同义概括，personal matters 是原文 personal concerns 的同义表达，故正确答案为 J 段。

46 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 the revised “Green Guides”定位至第 2 段。
【解析】本题问“绿色指南”修订版要求商家怎么做。第 2 段首句指出联邦贸易委员会警告商家不得使用诸如“生态友好的”之类表达宽泛的标签。第 2 句指出商家须具体怎么做,包括要证明其产品包装上的描述属实、明确具体的益处。C 项“具体说明其产品为何是绿色的”与原文吻合，其中 Specify 为原文中 specific 的同义表达，故选 C 项。
【干扰项排除】A 项“制造尽可能多的绿色产品”并非联邦贸易委员会的要求。联邦贸易委员会要求商家使其产品的益处具体化，如写明产品中有多少可回收成分，而非 B 项“指出其产品是否可回收”。文章并未提及 D 项“所有产品贴上绿色标签”。
47 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 an explosion of green claims 定位至第 6 段。
【解析】本题问作者对于消费者在面对绿色环保宣传泛滥时的表现有何看法。第 6 段首句指出在过去 5 年左右的时间里，声称绿色环保的宣传呈爆发状态。第 2 句指出消费者并不总是了解他们要购买的产品。D 项“他们并不清楚哪种产品才是真正绿色环保的”与原文相符，故为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“他们能轻易看穿营销陷阱”与文中说的“消费者不总是了解”不符。上文虽提到消费者选购产品时会觉得迷惑，但不能由此得出 B 项“他们必须花费大量时间来挑选产品”。文中有两处提到“绿色认证”，其一是庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼的事例，但并未提及“集体诉讼”是消费者发起的，故不能得出 C 项“他们对当前的绿色认证存在疑虑”。
48 [C]【定位】根据题干中的 SC Johnson 和 the class-action lawsuits 定位至第 7 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问在集体诉讼案中，庄臣公司被指控的罪名是什么。第 7 段第 2 句指出，2008 到 2009 年间，庄臣公司遭到集体诉讼，被指在其清洁产品上使用“绿色清单”标签。第 3 句指出诉讼认为该标签具有误导性，原因是“会使消费者误认为该产品已通过第三方认证”。C 项“它误导消费者相信他们的产品已获得第三方认证”与原文意思一致，其中 misled 对应原文的 misleading,故 C 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】A 项“它让消费者认为其所有产品都是真正的绿色产品”，涉案的只是庄臣公司的清洁产品，并未说是其所有产品，A 项可排除。本文未提及庄臣公司“授权第三方为其产品打上环保标签”和“销售不在官方‘绿色清单’中的清洁产品”，故 B、D 两项也可排除。
49[A]【定位】根据题干中的 Christopher Beard 定位至第 8 段。
【解析】本题询问 Christopher Beard 如何为该公司的标签行为作辩解。本段讲到 Christopher Beard 对本公司在绿色清单体系所取得的成就感到骄傲，并且相信他们能在这些“集体诉讼”案子里胜出，然而他也承认这个（绿色标签）领域很难规范、指引。由此可知，Christopher Beard 认为那时候在绿色标签事项上没有明确的指导方针，刚好对应文章开头说的如今美国联邦贸易委员会关于绿色标签的提议，因此 A 项为答案。
【干扰项排除】虽然使用生态环保标签是市场风行的做法，但是无法确定给产品加上自己公司的认证这一做法是否普遍，而且 C 项“符合市场的普遍做法”也不是 Christopher Beard 的辩护观点，故不选。文章未提及 B 项“其公司产品广为公众接受”和 D 项“法律不要求第三方认证”，也可排除。
50[B]【定位】根据题干直接定位至第 11 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问凯文?威廉引用的 Wild West 所指的意义。第 11 段第 2 句先指出当前绿色认证的乱象犹如往昔的“西大荒”，随后指出具体乱在哪些方面：人人都可以宣称自己是环保的，与历史上美国西部拓荒时期的无政府混乱状态如出一辙，因此 B 项“每家公司在绿色标签这方面都有自己的做法”与该句表述相符，为本题答案。
【干扰项排除】文章指出各公司竞相推出各自的绿色环保宣传或广告，而非“竞相生产绿色产品”，故排除 A 项。C 项“消费者对有绿色标签的产品很狂热”、D 项“西部地区所生产的任何产品都可以标记为绿色产品”曲解了 “the Wild West”中 wild 和 west 的意义。

51[B]【定位】根据题干中的 America's education system 定位至第 1 段。
【解析】本题询问文章对美国教育系统的评价。文章首段即明确指出作者的观点：美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，已然成为将不平等代代相传的体系。可见作者认为教育原本具有的消除不平等的功能已不存在，B 项“对消除不平等毫无作用”为答案。
【干扰项排除】第 1 句指出美国的教育系统不再是通往机遇的阶梯，但并非变成了“为富人提供通往机遇的阶梯”，故排除 A 项。后半句指出教育系统变成了将不平等代代相传的体系，并不是指教育系统不变，C 项“几代人以来基本上保持不变”曲解其意，故排除；文章未提及教育体系具有 D 项“将几代人培养成有责任感的公民”的功能，也可排除。
52 [B]【定位】根据题干中的 inner-city schools 定位至第 3 段第 1 句。
【解析】本题询问内城区学校表现不佳的主要原因。第 3 段首句指出，内城区学校表现糟糕的主要原因不是教师工会，而是 poverty(贫穷）。与 poverty 同义的 B 项“缺乏财政来源”为答案。题干中的 is chiefly responsible for 对应原文的 main reason, undesirable performance 对应 do poorly。
【干扰项排除】原文中只是提到主要原因不在于教师工会，而是贫穷，A 项“不合格教师”非主要原因。文章内容未涉及 C 项“不良的学习环境”和 D 项“潜意识的种族歧视”，也可排除。
53[C]【定位】根据题干中的 the union 及题干询问内容可定位至第 4 段第 1、2 句。
【解析】本题询问作者的观点，工会应该如何作为来赢得公众支持。上段末尾提到工会抵制市长采取的一些措施，本段第 1 句提出了作者的观点：如果工会只是致力于获取更高的补偿，他会赞同(sympathetic)。第 2 句进一步说明为什么工会应该致力于获取更高的补偿金：只有高薪才能够吸引优秀人才到贫困地区的学校任教。因此工会应该“为教师争取更高的报酬”,C 项正确。
【干扰项排除】工会抵制了市长采取的一些措施，A 项“帮助市政府改革学校”可排除。基于本文，教师工会的职能主要是为教师提供保护和争取福利，不包括 B 项“为内城区学校提供建设性的建议”和 D 项“帮助教师提高教学质量”。
54 [D]【定位】根据题干中的 the gold standard study, Harvard and Columbia University scholars 定位至第 5 段第 2 句。
【解析】本题询问哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学的学者开展的金标准研究的结果。因此该句 found 后的宾语从句即为答案：即使是在极度贫困地区的学校，教师也总是会对教育产生巨大的，或积极或消极的影响。因此，D 项“学生的表现与教师密切相关”为答案，体现了教师对教育所产生的影响。题干中的 finding 是原文 found 的词性转换。
【干扰项排除】文章中提及部分内城区学校的师资不佳，但并非该研究发现的结果，因此 A 项“很多内城区学校的教师无法胜任他们的工作”可排除。文章未提及内城区学校学生的行为以及他们对教师的态度，因此 B 项“大部分内城区的孩子经常翘课”和 C 项“很多学生对他们的教师不满”也可排除。
55 [A]【定位】根据题干中的 Chicago union's, demand 和 an insult to students 定位至最后三段。
【解析】本题询问为什么说芝加哥工会的要求是对学生的侮辱。第 9 段指出芝加哥工会坚持认为那些被解聘的（通常是不称职的）教师拥有优先聘用权，作者认为这对学生是个侮辱，第 10 和第 11 段对此作具体解释，指出不应过度保护这些人的工作权益，一旦满足工会要求、保护这些人的权益，学生的权益就会被牺牲掉。因此 A 项“以牺牲学生为代价保护不称职的教师”为答案，at the expense of 是原文中 sacrifices 的同义转换。
【干扰项排除】文章未涉及工会对学生辨别和学习能力的评估，B 项“低估了学生辨别好老师和坏老师的能力”、D 项“完全忽视学生在学习过程中的主动性”均可排除。文章未提及歧视问题，C 项“让学生感到在多方面遭受歧视”也可排除。

翻译参考答案
表达难点
1. 第一句有两个谓语动词“是一种……”及“源于……”，可将前者处理为英文句子的谓语成分，后者作“服装”的后置定语，形式既可用非谓语动词（originating from）也可用定语从句（that originates from...）。
2. 第二句可以处理成一个定语从句，主干是“旗袍是长袍”，“王室女性穿着的”是修饰长袍的定语。用非谓语动词作定语，“旗袍”和“穿”是被动关系，因此用过去分词形式。
3. 第三句的“发生变化”可以用 undergo changes 这个搭配。“受西方服饰的影响”可以用分词作状语的结构 influenced by...，也可以处理成 due to the influence of...。
4. 第二段都是体现旗袍重要性的一些短句子，如逐一翻译，译文会显得比较松散，可以使用一些结构或词语将它们衔接起来，比如 not only... but also..., moreover, even 等。
参考译文
Qipao is an elegant type of Chinese dress that originates from the Manchu Nationality. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a loose gown worn by females of the royal family. In 1920s，it underwent some changes due to the influence of western dress. Its cuffs became narrower and the length was shortened as well. Such changes allow the beauty of female to be fully displayed.
Nowadays Qipao is not only frequently seen on world-class fashion shows, but also the first-choice dress for Chinese women to attend some important social gatherings. Moreover, many Chinese brides choose it as their wedding gowns. Some influential figures even have suggested making Qipao a national dress for Chinese women.