(7))他在看通知时有了一个主意。
　　误：When reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.
　　正：When he was reading the notice, an idea came into his mind.
　　正：Reading (When reading) the notice, he had an idea.
　　析：分词的逻辑主语要与句子的主语一致
　　(8)依据他的说法，这个答案是对的。
　　误：Judge from what he said, the answer is right.
　　正：Judging from what he said, the answer is right.
　　析：“Judging” 在这里是插入语，作独立成分。类似的用法还有to tell, the truth, considering, generally speaking等。
　　(9)我们尽快地走，希望及时赶到
　　误：We walked as fast as we could to hope to get there in time.
　　正：We walked as fast as we could, hoping to get there in time.
　　析：根据句意，希望hope不表示目的，而表示伴随状况，所以用hoping.
　　(10)这封需要马上回复。
　　误：The letter demanded answering immediately.
　　正：The letter demanded an immediate answer.
　　正：The letter required (needed) answering immediately.
　　析：require，need，want作“需要”解时，可跟动名词做宾语。demand作此义解时，不能跟动名词作宾语，要跟名词。
　　(11)这是80年代建造的工厂之一。
　　误：This is one of the factories having been built in the 1980s.
　　正：This is one of the factories built in the 1980s.
　　析：现在分词的完成式主要用做状语，不做定语。
　　(12)给我一张纸写东西。
　　误：Give me a sheet of paper to write
　　正：Give me a sheet of paper to write on
　　析：不定式做定语时，如果它所修饰的名词在意义上是不定式的宾语而不是主语的时候，这个不定式的后面应根据意义加上适当的介词。
　　独立主格结构
　　独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分(分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语)构成。
　　独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，所以在语法上不是句子。但多有名词或代词表示的逻辑主语，分词或不定式表示的逻辑谓语，有时还有其他修饰成分。(判断一个结构是否是句子的标准就是看看这个结构是否有谓语动词。)这种结构通常在句子中起方式、时间、原因、条件等状语或状语从句的作用，主要用于书面语。使用动词非谓语形式的独立主格结构可以改为句子形式(从句):独立主格结构加上连词，非谓语动词改为谓语动词形式，这样就成为从句了。
　　例如:
　　Today being Sunday, the library isn' t open.今天星期天，图书馆不开放。
　　(原因)改为从句:
　　As (Since) today is Sunday, the library isn' t open.