(单词翻译:单击)
At its worst, the eureka theory distorts American views of how best to push society forward, and slows material advance in the process.
最糟糕的是，“发现”论扭曲了美国人关于如何最好地推动社会进步的观点，减缓了这个过程中的实质性进步。
To appreciate the deeper story of progress—and to see how it bears on America’s own problems in the 21st century—let’s return to 1796 and recall how history’s first vaccine went global.
为了更深入地理解进步的故事--了解其与21世纪美国自身问题的关系--让我们回到1796年，回顾一下历史上第一支疫苗是如何走向全球的。
One to 1 billion--After Edward Jenner verified that James Phipps was indeed protected against smallpox, he wrote a brief paper to announce his discovery.
一人到十亿人--爱德华·詹纳在证实詹姆斯·菲普斯确实没有感染水痘后，他撰写了一篇简短的论文来宣布他的发现。
The Royal Society of London refused to publish it.
但伦敦皇家学会拒绝出版这篇论文。
His own self-published booklet, An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, was initially ignored by the medical community.
他自己出版的小册子《关于牛痘病毒接种的原因与结果调查》一开始遭到了医学界忽视。
Jenner needed surrogates in the English medical field to give his wild experiments gravitas.
詹纳需要在英国医学领域找到代理人，让他的疯狂实验变得严肃起来。
He found one such defender in Henry Cline, an open-minded London surgeon who acquired some inoculating substance from Jenner and began conducting trials to confirm Jenner’s findings, establishing the practice as safe and reliable.
他找到了，亨利·克莱恩就是这样的一位捍护者。这位思想开明的伦敦外科医生从詹纳那里获得了一些接种物质，便开始进行试验以证实詹纳的发现，证明了这种做法既安全又可靠。
The vaccine was so immediately and obviously successful that it proved self-recommending.
这种疫苗立马取得了显而易见的成功，证明毛遂自荐是可行的。
By 1800, vaccinations had spread rapidly through Europe, in large part because so many elites supported them.
到1800年，疫苗接种在欧洲迅速传播，这在很大程度上是因为得到了很多精英的支持。
The kings of Denmark, Spain, and Prussia personally promoted the vaccine.
丹麦、西班牙和普鲁士的国王亲自推广疫苗。
The pope called it “a precious discovery” that ought to restore the public’s faith in God.
教皇称其为应该能恢复公众对上帝信心的“宝贵发现”。
Still, doctors faced a prodigious challenge: how to deliver the stuff around the world in an era without cold storage, airplanes, or cars.
尽管如此，医生仍然面临着一项巨大的挑战: 如何在一个没有冷库、飞机、汽车的时代将这些东西运送到世界各地。
They settled on distribution methods that were, by any reasonable estimation, extremely strange and a little ingenious.
他们最终选定了无论从哪个合理角度看都新奇荒怪的配送方法。
In the early 1800s, Spain recruited 22 orphaned boys to bring the vaccine to the Americas on their body.
19世纪初，西班牙招募了22名孤儿(男童)，用他们的身体将疫苗带到了美洲。
Two boys were vaccinated immediately before their ship’s departure.
两名男童在他们的船只出发前立即接种了疫苗。
When pustules appeared on their arms, doctors scraped material from them to jab two more children on board.
当他们的手臂上出现脓疱时，医生从他们身上刮下一些脓疱物质，给船上的另外两名男童接种。
Doctors continued this daisy-chain routine until the ship reached modern-day Venezuela, where they began using the most recent pox eruption to vaccinate people in the Americas.
医生们持续这一循环接种操作，直到船到达现在的委内瑞拉，他们在那里开始利用近期产生的脓疱痘疹给美洲人接种疫苗。
Without any advanced storage technology, they had managed to transport history’s first vaccine more than 4,000 miles, in perfect condition.
在没有任何先进的储存技术的情况下，他们成功地将历史上的首支疫苗完好无损地运输了4000多英里。
Arm-to-arm, the vaccine traveled to Mexico, Macau, and Manila.
手臂接着手臂，这种疫苗传到了墨西哥、澳门和马尼拉。
Within 10 years of Jenner’s paper, the vaccine had gone global.
詹纳的论文发表不到10年，这种疫苗就传遍了全球。
