(单词翻译:单击)
In response, U.S. Central Command quietly began deploying proactive expert U.S. military hackers, known as "hunt forward" teams, to operate "outside the United States against our adversaries, before they could do harm to us," as the group's head, Gen. Paul Nakasone, explained at the Reagan National Defense Forum in December.
作为回应，美国中央司令部悄悄开始部署积极主动的美国军事黑客专家，即所谓的“追捕前进”小组，在“美国境外打击我们的敌人，以免他们对我们造成伤害”，该组织负责人保罗·中曾根在去年12月的里根国防论坛上解释道。
Some military analysts believe that a greater motivation behind NATO's Article 5 policy shift is to set legal groundwork for allies to work together proactively in a way that is difficult without invoking collective defense mandates under Article 5 – particularly given some NATO members' reticence about intelligence-sharing.
一些军事分析人士认为，北约第五条政策转变背后的更大动机是为盟国积极合作奠定法律基础，这种方式在不援引第五条规定的集体防务授权的情况下是困难的，特别是考虑到北约一些成员国对情报共享保持沉默。
A potential model for such operations was on display in 2018, when U.S. Cyber Command launched its first known cyber response to Russia for election meddling.
2018年，美国网络司令部对俄罗斯干预选举发起了已知的第一次网络回应，展示了此类行动的潜在模式。
In the run-up to the 2018 midterm vote, U.S. military cyber operators "popped up" on the screens of workers at the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a Russian state-sponsored troll farm that carried out damaging online influence operations during the U.S. election.
在2018年中期选举前夕，美国军方网络运营商在互联网研究机构工作人员的屏幕上“跳出”。IRA是一家俄罗斯国家支持的“喷子农场”，在美国大选期间实施了破坏性的网络影响行动。
"They just showed up on the system and said hello," says Mr. Harknett, now a professor of political science at the University of Cincinnati and co-author of the forthcoming, "Cyber Persistence Theory: Redefining National Security in Cyber Space."
“他们只是出现在系统上，说声你好，”哈克尼特说。他现在是辛辛那提大学的政治学教授，也是即将出版的《网络持久理论：在网络空间重新定义国家安全》一书的合著者。
They also blocked the IRA's internet access, a move calculated to put the Russians on the defensive and sow confusion.
他们还封锁了爱尔兰共和军的互联网接入，此举意在让俄罗斯人处于守势，制造混乱。
"They had to be thinking, 'Americans couldn't have done all this work just to show up on our screens and say hi.
“他们一定在想，‘美国人做了所有这些工作，不可能仅仅是为了出现在我们的屏幕上打个招呼。
How did they get in?' "
他们是怎么进来的？
The response among NATO adversaries to such operations remains to be seen, says Mr. Soesanto.
“北约对手对这类行动的反应还有待观察，”索桑托说。
"By the Russians, on Russian soil, it could definitely be perceived as escalatory."
“在俄罗斯的领土上，俄罗斯人肯定会认为这是在升级。”
At the same time, what U.S. Cyber Command did "was temporarily shut down IRA, but it didn't stop them.
与此同时，美国网络司令部所做的”是暂时关闭了爱尔兰共和军，但这并没有阻止他们。
Yet the impact of these operations may be less obvious, Mr. Harknett says.
然而，这些行动的影响可能不那么明显，”哈克内特先生说。
" 'Hunting forward' means you actually have to be in the networks of your adversaries to understand malware development and the vulnerabilities they seek to exploit," he notes."
他指出：“‘向前追捕’意味着你实际上必须进入你的对手的网络，才能了解恶意软件的开发和他们试图利用的漏洞。”
"A lot of criticism has been made that this is being aggressive, going on the offensive, that it could escalate."
“很多人批评说，这太咄咄逼人了，采取攻势，可能会升级。”
But often, "they don't even know we were in there."
但通常，“他们甚至不知道我们在那里。”
Deliberations about the efficacy, politics, and ethics of offensive cyberweapons are likely to be more challenging for the alliance than 20th-century discussions "about tanks rolling across the border, in which case we know how to respond and what to do," said Ambassador Smith.
史密斯大使说，“对进攻性网络武器的效力、政治和伦理的讨论对北约来说可能比20世纪关于坦克滚滚越过边境的讨论更具挑战性，在这种情况下，我们知道如何应对和做什么。”
"And there are still tough conversations to be had."
他说：“还有很多艰难的对话要进行。”
