这是要废除平权法案吗?(下)
日期:2021-12-09 11:00

(单词翻译:单击)

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The Supreme Court may soon hear a case—Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard—that could mark the definitive end of affirmative action in higher education nationwide.

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最高法院可能很快就会审理“学生公平录取组织诉哈佛”一案,这可能标志着全国高等教育平权行动的最后终结|d)ruO|Pq+

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If the Court takes the case, the plaintiffs will argue that under no circumstances should race be taken into consideration in college admissions.

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如果法院受理此案,原告将辩称,在任何情况下都不应在大学录取中考虑种族因素mDSO~#trSGWK.

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They will make this argument before a conservative majority that many observers believe is sympathetic to this view.

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原告将在多数派保守人员面前提出这一论点,许多观察人士认为,多数派赞同这一观点ZLGx%Lt;BV

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If the majority dismisses what remains of the nation’s experiment with affirmative action, the United States will have to face the reality that its system of higher education is, and always has been, separate and unequal.

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如果多数派否决了国家平权行动实验的剩余部分,美国将不得不面对这样一个现实:它的高等教育体系是,而且一直都是分裂的、不平等的7R;wLqS5.n^@Q

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To understand the loss of race-conscious admissions, we must first appreciate what it accomplished—and what it didn’t.

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为了理解招生中种族意识的缺失,我们必须首先了解它所取得的成就和没有取得的成就Bc)2b-!XBeI

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In 1946, President Harry Truman commissioned a comprehensive report on the state of American higher education.

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1946年,哈里·杜鲁门总统委托撰写了一份关于美国高等教育状况的综合报告IFEj(K]^|D

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The study found that 75,000 Black students were enrolled in America’s colleges, and about 85 percent of them went to poorly funded Black institutions.

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该研究发现,75000名黑人学生被美国大学录取,其中约85%的人就读于资金不足的黑人院校PIb_u+IHuVx

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“The ratio of expenditures of institutions for whites to those of institutions for Negroes,” it noted, “ranged from 3 to 1 in the District of Columbia to 42 to 1 in Kentucky.”

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“白人学校机构的支出与黑人学校机构的支出之比,”报告指出,“在哥伦比亚特区是3:1,而在肯塔基州是4:1*rdL#s0&[PqaD[。”

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Affirmative action jump-started Black enrollment at majority-white colleges.

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平权法案促进了黑人进入白人占多数的大学p*FBC5MuyF

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And the overall number of Black graduates boomed—more than doubling from the early 1970s to the mid-’90s.

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黑人毕业生的总人数也在激增——从20世纪70年代初到90年代中期,增加了一倍多=[PsnDUA5D#epT#Q%mG&

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But the drive to reform higher education had slowed, and by the end of that period it was running on fumes.

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但高等教育改革的动力已经放缓,到那段时期结束时,改革的动力已经几乎耗尽tr4^wPg%b0~2Z0oi

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Affirmative action was hobbled almost from the start, in large part because of a case brought against the regents of the University of California.

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平权运动几乎从一开始就受到阻碍,很大程度上是因为一起针对加州大学(University of California)董事的一个案件ZmnIBNikk3H~(0agd|

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In 1973, Allan Bakke, a white man in his early 30s, was rejected by the UC Davis School of Medicine.

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1973年,30岁出头的白人艾伦·巴克被加州大学戴维斯分校医学院拒绝@dx+nd=3nkk81HvI

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He was rejected by 10 other medical schools as well, and again by UC Davis in 1974, perhaps because he was considered too old to begin training for medicine.

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他也被其他10所医学院拒绝,1974年又被加州大学戴维斯分校拒绝,也许是因为他被认为年纪太大而不能开始医学培训.!jj#!1S]a)58C&k)~H4

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But that’s not how Bakke saw it.

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但巴克不是这么看的Jr|%y|r#Fq#mK37r3

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UC Davis had apportioned 16 out of its 100 seats for applicants from underrepresented groups, and Bakke sued, arguing that the program violated his rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, as well as Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which bars entities receiving federal funds from discrimination.

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加州大学戴维斯分校将其100个席位中的16个分配给了代表性不足群体的申请者,因此,巴克提起诉讼,辩称该项目侵犯了《第十四条修正案》保障的他的权利,以及禁止接受联邦资金的实体受到歧视的《民权法案》第六条jdOnk8aF;[41MMrIx~

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The California Supreme Court agreed, ruling that colleges could not consider race in admissions.

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加州最高法院对此表示同意,裁定大学在招生时不能考虑种族因素ZK17tnQvu,y0hLY

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When the Supreme Court heard oral arguments on October 12, 1977, the courtroom was packed.

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1977年10月12日,最高法院听取口头辩论时,法庭里挤满了人&^Ps#Fv#9,bRv_c

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Newspapers hailed Bakke as the most important civil-rights case since Brown v. Board of Education.

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报纸将巴克称为自布朗诉教育委员会案以来最重要的民权案件Cdg^A*h%^P-

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The Court ultimately released six different opinions, a judicial rarity.

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最高法院最终发布了六份不同的意见,这在司法上是罕见的hSH4EcvnR!

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Four justices agreed, in some form, with Bakke that the university’s affirmative-action strategy violated Title VI because it capped the number of white students at 84.

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四名法官以某种形式同意巴克的观点,即该大学的平权行动战略违反了第六条,因为它将白人学生的数量限制在84人以内~ZjxabKlOXC

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Four other justices argued that the strategy was permissible.

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其他四名法官认为这种策略是允许的dpR,an_cELTI7^

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The decision came down to one man: Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr.

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这一决定取决于一个人:大法官小刘易斯·鲍威尔tDVBjAURK&h&B=o]9NI8

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Powell’s opinion was a compromise.

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鲍威尔的意见是一种妥协^.[qLJ(Rv@1(DC9+d

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Yes, institutions could consider race, but only for the sake of general diversity.

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是的,学校机构可以考虑种族问题,但仅仅是为了整体的多样性E1,rB+Ps3i]0|W0&3U

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In Powell’s view, affirmative action was not a way of righting historical—and ongoing—wrongs against Black people; it was a way to achieve diversity, a compelling state interest because it benefited all students.

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在鲍威尔看来,平权行动并不是纠正历史上的和正在发生的针对黑人的错误;这是实现多样性的一种方式,是一个令人信服的的国家利益,因为它使所有学生受益]r!TsPd^Y8,EL,

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Time and again, courts have upheld Powell’s rationale.

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法院一次又一次地支持鲍威尔的理由_zvI@x~THXwQJzq

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As a result, schools have not been able to design affirmative-action programs to redress discrimination against Black students, or to systematically increase their share of the student body.

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结果,学校未能设计出平权行动计划来纠正对黑人学生的歧视,或系统地增加他们在学生群体中的比例qSW.2sc&7j^L^#4Yjzn3

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Wary of running afoul of the law, schools that have enacted affirmative-action programs have done so too timidly to make a real difference.

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由于担心触犯法律,那些制定了平权行动项目的学校过于胆怯,以至于无法真正发挥作用4Vu!92qHsl*1;*3q1)w

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Only in rare cases have these programs accomplished much more than keeping the Black share of the student body at pre-Bakke percentages.

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只有在极少数情况下,这些项目所取得的成绩才远超过将学生群体中黑人学生的比例保持在巴克之前的水平U;6E2%XB8~ob

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Perhaps the best that can be said for this neutered version of affirmative action is that, in states where the practice has been banned, the picture is even bleaker.

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对于这种阉割版本的平权行动,或许最好的说法是,在这种做法已被禁止的州,情况甚至更加黯淡T_KUj84E=5C@7@@

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In 2006, Michigan prohibited the consideration of race in admissions at public colleges and universities.

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2006年,密歇根州禁止公立学院和大学录取学生时考虑种族因素f3Pc9ae+(P1O-c7O5Qon

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Black students made up 9 percent of the University of Michigan before the ban, and 4 percent a few years after it went into effect.

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在禁令实施前,黑人学生占密歇根大学的9%,在禁令生效几年后,黑人学生占4%s@TwlBC5kyjn5wveLo

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The number has hovered there ever since.

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从那以后,一直徘徊在这个数字上下gpQbBXZGt5

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