For a really long time, I had two mysteries that were hanging over me.
一直以来有两个迷团一直困扰着我。
I didn't understand them and, to be honest, I was quite afraid to look into them.
我无法理解它们，而且说实话，我害怕深究它们。
The first mystery was, I'm 40 years old, and all throughout my lifetime, year after year,
第一个谜团是，我40岁了，在我一生中，年复一年，
serious depression and anxiety have risen, in the United States, in Britain, and across the Western world.
严重的抑郁和焦虑症状在美国，英国等国家不断浮现出来，横扫整个西方世界。
And I wanted to understand why. Why is this happening to us?
我想要搞清楚为什么。为什么这开始发生在我们身上？
Why is it that with each year that passes, more and more of us are finding it harder to get through the day?
为什么过去的每一年里，我们越来越多人发现更难以度过每一天？
And I wanted to understand this because of a more personal mystery.
我想要理解这个是因为一个很私人的谜团。
When I was a teenager, I remember going to my doctor and explaining that I had this feeling, like pain was leaking out of me.
当我还是10来岁时，我记得有一次去看医生，说我总觉得浑身疼痛。
I couldn't control it, I didn't understand why it was happening, I felt quite ashamed of it.
我不能控制它，我不理解为什么它会出现，并且感到非常羞耻。
And my doctor told me a story that I now realize was well-intentioned, but quite oversimplified. Not totally wrong.
医生告诉我了一个现在我意识到是出于好意的故事，但太过于简化。并非全错。
My doctor said, "We know why people get like this.
我医生说，“我们知道人们为什么会这样。
Some people just naturally get a chemical imbalance in their heads -- you're clearly one of them.
有些人的大脑很自然地会发生一些化学失衡--你显然是其中一个。
All we need to do is give you some drugs, it will get your chemical balance back to normal."
我们要做的就是给你开一些药，它就会把你的化学平衡恢复正常。”
So I started taking a drug called Paxil or Seroxat, it's the same thing with different names in different countries.
所以我开始服用帕罗西汀或类似的药物。一个东西在不同国家有不同的名字。
And I felt much better, I got a real boost. But not very long afterwards, this feeling of pain started to come back.
然后我感觉好了很多，也受到了很大的鼓舞。但随后不久，这种疼痛的感觉回来了。
So I was given higher and higher doses until, for 13 years,
所以我使用越来越高的剂量，直到后来的13年，
I was taking the maximum possible dose that you're legally allowed to take.
我都在服用法律允许的最高剂量。
And for a lot of those 13 years, and pretty much all the time by the end, I was still in a lot of pain.
在这13年的大部分时候，差不多一直到最后，我仍然很痛苦。
And I started asking myself, "What's going on here?
我开始问自己，“这是怎么回事？
Because you're doing everything you're told to do by the story that's dominating the culture -- why do you still feel like this?"
因为你按照主导文化所说的做了所有的事情--为什么你仍然会有这样的感受？”
So to get to the bottom of these two mysteries,
所以为了揭开这两个谜团的谜底，
for a book that I've written I ended up going on a big journey all over the world, I traveled over 40,000 miles.
为了我写的一本书，我进行了一场环球旅行，旅途超过4万英里。
I wanted to sit with the leading experts in the world about what causes depression and anxiety and crucially, what solves them,
我想跟世界一流的专家坐在一起讨论是什么引发了抑郁和焦虑，并且最重要的是：有什么治愈方法，
and people who have come through depression and anxiety and out the other side in all sorts of ways.
以及那些经历过抑郁和焦虑的人是如何以各种方式走出来的。
And I learned a huge amount from the amazing people I got to know along the way.
我一路走来，从我认识的那些了不起的人身上学到了很多。
But I think at the heart of what I learned is,
但我认为我所学到的最核心的是，
so far, we have scientific evidence for nine different causes of depression and anxiety.
目前为止，科学依据能够证明有9种不同的引发抑郁和焦虑的原因。
Two of them are indeed in our biology.
其中两个确实是由于生理因素。
Your genes can make you more sensitive to these problems, though they don't write your destiny.
你的基因会让你对这些问题更敏感，虽然它们不能决定你的命运。
And there are real brain changes that can happen when you become depressed that can make it harder to get out.
当你变得抑郁时，你的大脑会发生实质的变化，让你更难摆脱出来。
But most of the factors that have been proven to cause depression and anxiety are not in our biology.
但绝大部分被证实引发抑郁和焦虑的因素跟我们的生理因素无关。
They are factors in the way we live.
而主要取决于我们的生活方式。
And once you understand them, it opens up a very different set of solutions
一旦你理解了它们，就能开启一套非常不同的解决方案，
that should be offered to people alongside the option of chemical antidepressants.
应该和化学抗抑郁药一起提供给人们。
For example, if you're lonely, you're more likely to become depressed.
比如，如果你很孤独，你很可能会变得抑郁。
If, when you go to work, you don't have any control over your job,
如果，当你工作时，你对自己的工作没有控制权，
you've just got to do what you're told, you're more likely to become depressed.
你得按照吩咐去做，你就更可能变得抑郁。
If you very rarely get out into the natural world, you're more likely to become depressed.
如果你很少接触自然世界，你更可能变得抑郁。
And one thing unites a lot of the causes of depression and anxiety that I learned about.
有一件事情把所有我所知道的抑郁和焦虑联系在一起。
Not all of them, but a lot of them. Everyone here knows you've all got natural physical needs, right? Obviously.
不是所有，但很多。这里每个人都知道，你们都有自然的生理需求，对吧？显然。
You need food, you need water, you need shelter, you need clean air.
你需要食物，你需要水，你需要住所，你需要干净的空气。
If I took those things away from you, you'd all be in real trouble, real fast.
如果我拿走那些东西，你们都会很快就陷入巨大的困境。
But at the same time, every human being has natural psychological needs.
但同时，每个人都有自然的心理需求。
You need to feel you belong. You need to feel your life has meaning and purpose.
你需要有归属感。你需要感到你的生活有意义和目的。
You need to feel that people see you and value you.
你需要感到人们关注你并重视你。
You need to feel you've got a future that makes sense.
你需要感觉你有一个有意义的未来。
And this culture we built is good at lots of things.
我们建立的这种文化擅长很多事情。
And many things are better than in the past -- I'm glad to be alive today.
很多事情比过去好多了--我很高兴生活在今天。
But we've been getting less and less good at meeting these deep, underlying psychological needs.
但我们对满足这些深层次的心理需求越来越不擅长了。
And it's not the only thing that's going on, but I think it's the key reason why this crisis keeps rising and rising.
这并不是唯一的原因，但我认为是这场危机不断升级的关键原因。
And I found this really hard to absorb.
我发现这很难理解。
I really wrestled with the idea of shifting from thinking of my depression as just a problem in my brain,
我真的很纠结于这个想法：把我的抑郁症从一个仅仅是我大脑中的问题，
to one with many causes, including many in the way we're living.
转变成一个有很多成因的问题，包括我们的生活方式。
And it only really began to fall into place for me when one day,
直到有一天，我才真正明白了这一点，
I went to interview a South African psychiatrist named Dr. Derek Summerfield. He's a great guy.
我前去采访一位名叫德里克·萨莫菲尔德的南非精神病医生。他是个很棒的人。
And Dr. Summerfield happened to be in Cambodia in 2001,
2001年，萨莫菲尔德在柬埔寨，
when they first introduced chemical antidepressants for people in that country.
当时他们首次在那个国家为人们引入化学抗抑郁药。
And the local doctors, the Cambodians, had never heard of these drugs, so they were like, what are they? And he explained.
当地的柬埔寨医生从没听过这些药物，所以，他们问“这些是什么？”于是他解释了。
And they said to him, "We don't need them, we've already got antidepressants."
然后他们告诉他，“我们不需要它们，我们已经有抗抑郁药了。”
And he was like, "What do you mean?"
他问，“你指的是什么？”
He thought they were going to talk about some kind of herbal remedy, like St. John's Wort, ginkgo biloba, something like that.
他以为他们会谈及某种草药，比如圣约翰草、银杏叶之类的。
Instead, they told him a story.
反之，他们告诉他一个故事。
There was a farmer in their community who worked in the rice fields.
他们社区有个农民在稻田里干活。
And one day, he stood on a land mine left over from the war with the United States, and he got his leg blown off.
有天，他踩到了抗美战争时留下的地雷，他的腿被炸掉了。
So they him an artificial leg, and after a while, he went back to work in the rice fields.
所以他们给他装了一只假腿，不久之后他就回到稻田干活。
But apparently, it's super painful to work under water when you've got an artificial limb,
但显然，你带着假腿在水下干活非常疼痛，
and I'm guessing it was pretty traumatic to go back and work in the field where he got blown up.
而且我猜他回到腿被炸掉的地方干活一定很痛苦。
The guy started to cry all day, he refused to get out of bed, he developed all the symptoms of classic depression.
这个人开始整天哭泣，他拒绝下床，他出现了所有典型的抑郁症症状。
The Cambodian doctor said, "This is when we gave him an antidepressant."
柬埔寨医生说，“就在这时我们给他开了抗抑郁药。”
And Dr. Summerfield said, "What was it?"
萨莫菲尔德医生问，“是什么药？”
They explained that they went and sat with him. They listened to him.
他们解释说，他们过去跟他坐在一起。他们倾听他。
They realized that his pain made sense -- it was hard for him to see it in the throes of his depression,
他们认识到他的痛苦合情合理--身处沮丧的阵痛中，他本人很难看出这一点，
but actually, it had perfectly understandable causes in his life.
但确实，这是他生活中完全可以理解的原因。
One of the doctors, talking to the people in the community, figured,
其中一个医生和社区里的人交谈，想到，
"You know, if we bought this guy a cow, he could become a dairy farmer,
“如果我们给这人买一头奶牛，他就可以变成一个奶农了，
he wouldn't be in this position that was screwing him up so much, he wouldn't have to go and work in the rice fields."
他就不会处在这种境地，把自己搞得如此狼狈了，他也不用去稻田里干活了。”
So they bought him a cow. Within a couple of weeks, his crying stopped, within a month, his depression was gone.
于是他们给他买了一头奶牛。没几周，他停止了哭泣，不到1个月，他的抑郁症消失了。
They said to doctor Summerfield, "So you see, doctor, that cow, that was an antidepressant, that's what you mean, right?"
他们跟萨莫菲尔德医生说，“所以你看，医生，那头奶牛，就是抗抑郁药，那是你说的药吧？”
If you'd been raised to think about depression the way I was, and most of the people here were, that sounds like a bad joke, right?
如果你打小就和我一样思考抑郁症，像座大多数人这样，那听起来像个冷笑话，对吧？
"I went to my doctor for an antidepressant, she gave me a cow."
“我找医生开抗抑郁药，她给了我一头奶牛。”
But what those Cambodian doctors knew intuitively, based on this individual, unscientific anecdote,
但那些柬埔寨人凭直觉就知道的，基于这个个体的、不科学的轶事，
is what the leading medical body in the world, the World Health Organization,
是世界领先的医疗机构，世界卫生组织，
has been trying to tell us for years, based on the best scientific evidence.
多年来，基于最好的科学证据，一直试图告诉我们的。
If you're depressed, if you're anxious, you're not weak, you're not crazy, you're not, in the main, a machine with broken parts.
如果你抑郁，如果你很焦虑，你不是脆弱，你没有疯，总的来说，你不是一个零部件坏了的机器。
You're a human being with unmet needs.
你是个需求未被满足的人。
And it's just as important to think here about what those Cambodian doctors and the World Health Organization are not saying.
在这里，思考柬埔寨医生说的和世界卫生组织没说的同样重要。
They did not say to this farmer, "Hey, buddy, you need to pull yourself together.
他们没跟这个农民说，“嘿，伙计，你需要振作起来。
It's your job to figure out and fix this problem on your own."
你得自己解决和修复这个问题。”
On the contrary, what they said is, "We're here as a group to pull together with you, so together, we can figure out and fix this problem."
相反，他们说的是，“我们作为一个团队来和你一起努力，所以一起，我们可以解决和修复这个问题。”
This is what every depressed person needs, and it's what every depressed person deserves.
这是每一个抑郁的人需要的，并且也是每一个抑郁的人应得的。
This is why one of the leading doctors at the United Nations,
这是为什么有位联合国的顶尖医生，
in their official statement for World Health Day, couple of years back in 2017,
在2017年世界卫生日的官方宣言中写到，
said we need to talk less about chemical imbalances and more about the imbalances in the way we live.
我们要少谈化学失衡，多谈谈我们生活方式的失衡。
Drugs give real relief to some people -- they gave relief to me for a while
药物对有些人有真正的缓解作用--它们对我有阵子也很有效，
but precisely because this problem goes deeper than their biology, the solutions need to go much deeper, too.
但因为这个问题比他们的生物构造更深入，解决方案也需要更为深入。
But when I first learned that, I remember thinking, "OK, I could see all the scientific evidence,
但当我第一次知道的时候，我记得我在想，“我能看到所有的科学证据，
I read a huge number of studies, I interviewed a huge number of the experts who were explaining this,"
我阅读了大量的研究，我采访了很多专家来解释这一问题，”
but I kept thinking, "How can we possibly do that?"
但我一直在想，“我们怎么可能做到？”
The things that are making us depressed are in most cases more complex than what was going on with this Cambodian farmer.
让我们抑郁的事情在很多情况下比那个柬埔寨农民远复杂得多。
Where do we even begin with that insight?
基于那个观点，我们该从哪里下手呢？
But then, in the long journey for my book, all over the world,
然而后来，在我写书的漫长旅途中，在全球旅行中，
I kept meeting people who were doing exactly that, from Sydney, to San Francisco, to São Paulo.
我不断遇到正在那样做的人，从悉尼，到旧金山，到圣保罗。
I kept meeting people who were understanding the deeper causes of depression and anxiety and, as groups, fixing them.
我一直遇见理解引发抑郁和焦虑深层原因的人，并且，作为群体，修复它们。
Obviously, I can't tell you about all the amazing people I got to know and wrote about,
显然，我不能告诉你们我认识和写下的所有这些让人惊叹的人，
or all of the nine causes of depression and anxiety that I learned about,
或者所有我所习得的引发抑郁和焦虑的9个原因，
because they won't let me give a 10-hour TED Talk -- you can complain about that to them.
因为他们不会让我做一个10小时的TED演讲--你们可以向他们抱怨。
But I want to focus on two of the causes and two of the solutions that emerge from them, if that's alright.
但如果可以的话，我想聚焦在两个原因，以及对应的两个解决方案。
Here's the first. We are the loneliest society in human history.
这是第一个。我们处于人类历史上最孤独的社会。
There was a recent study that asked Americans, "Do you feel like you're no longer close to anyone?"
最近研究有一项研究，询问美国人“你感觉不再跟任何人亲近了吗？”

And 39 percent of people said that described them. "No longer close to anyone."
39%的人说这描述符合他们。“不再跟任何人亲近。”
In the international measurements of loneliness,
在国际孤独测量评估中，
Britain and the rest of Europe are just behind the US, in case anyone here is feeling smug.
英国和其他欧洲国家仅次于美国，以防这里有人沾沾自喜。
I spent a lot of time discussing this with the leading expert in the world on loneliness,
我花了很多时间就孤独问题和世界一流的专家交流，
an incredible man named professor John Cacioppo, who was at Chicago, and I thought a lot about one question his work poses to us.
一个非常优秀的人，约翰·卡奇奥波教授，他在芝加哥，他的工作给我们提出了一个问题，我想了很久。
Professor Cacioppo asked, "Why do we exist? Why are we here, why are we alive?"
卡奇奥波教授问到，“我们为什么存在？我们为什么在这儿，我们为什么活着？”
One key reason is that our ancestors on the savannas of Africa were really good at one thing.
一个关键的原因在于我们非洲大草原上的祖先真的非常擅长一件事情。
They weren't bigger than the animals they took down a lot of the time,
他们不比很多时候他们放倒的动物高大，
they weren't faster than the animals they took down a lot of the time,
他们不比很多时候他们放倒的动物跑得更快，
but they were much better at banding together into groups and cooperating.
但他们更擅长抱团与协作。
This was our superpower as a species
这是我们作为一个物种的超能力，
we band together, just like bees evolved to live in a hive, humans evolved to live in a tribe.
我们聚集在一起，就像蜜蜂进化到住在蜂巢中一样，人类进化到部落聚居。
And we are the first humans ever to disband our tribes.
而我们是第一批解散部落的人类。
And it is making us feel awful. But it doesn't have to be this way.
这让我们感到糟糕。但事情不一定非得这样。
One of the heroes in my book, and in fact, in my life, is a doctor named Sam Everington.
在我的书中，也是我生活中的一个英雄，是一个叫山姆·艾佛林顿的医生。
He's a general practitioner in a poor part of East London, where I lived for many years.
他是东伦敦贫民区的一名全科医生，我在那生活过好多年。
And Sam was really uncomfortable, because he had loads of patients coming to him with terrible depression and anxiety.
山姆真的很不容易，因为很多病人都带着严重的抑郁和焦虑来找他。
And like me, he's not opposed to chemical antidepressants, he thinks they give some relief to some people.
和我一样，他不反对使用抗抑郁药，他认为药物对一些人有缓解作用。
But he could see two things.
但他可以看到两件事情。
Firstly, his patients were depressed and anxious a lot of the time for totally understandable reasons, like loneliness.
第一，他的病人很多时候因为完全可以理解的理由而抑郁和焦虑，比如说孤独。
And secondly, although the drugs were giving some relief to some people,
第二，尽管药物能给部分人带来一些缓解，
for many people, they didn't solve the problem. The underlying problem.
对多数人而言，它们无法解决问题，根本性的问题。
One day, Sam decided to pioneer a different approach.
一天，山姆决定开创一种不同的方法。
A woman came to his center, his medical center, called Lisa Cunningham. I got to know Lisa later.
一位女性来到他的医疗中心，她叫丽莎·坎宁安。我后来才认识的。
And Lisa had been shut away in her home with crippling depression and anxiety for seven years.
丽莎因为严重的抑郁和焦虑被隔离家中长达7年。
And when she came to Sam's center, she was told,
当她来到山姆的中心时，她被告知，
"Don't worry, we'll carry on giving you these drugs, but we're also going to prescribe something else.
“不要担心，我们会继续给你这些药，但我们也会开一些其他东西。
We're going to prescribe for you to come here to this center twice a week
我们会给你开这种药，你需要每周来这个中心两次，
to meet with a group of other depressed and anxious people, not to talk about how miserable you are,
去见其他抑郁和焦虑的人们，不是来说你有多么不幸，
but to figure out something meaningful you can all do together so you won't be lonely and you won't feel like life is pointless."
而是找出一些你们可以一起做的有意义的事情，这样你就不会感到孤独，或是生活没有意义。
The first time this group met, Lisa literally started vomiting with anxiety, it was so overwhelming for her.
这些人第一次见面时，丽莎焦虑到开始呕吐，因为这对她而言压力非常大。
But people rubbed her back, the group started talking, they were like, "What could we do?"
不过人们开始给她按摩，这群人开始聊天，“我们能做什么？”
These are inner-city, East London people like me, they didn't know anything about gardening.
这些都是和我一样住在伦敦东部贫民区的人，他们不懂园艺。
They were like, "Why don't we learn gardening?"
“为什么我们不学习园艺呢？”
There was an area behind the doctors' offices that was just scrubland.
医生办公室后面有块区域是个灌木丛。
"Why don't we make this into a garden?"
“我们为什么不把它改造成花园呢？”
They started to take books out of the library, started to watch YouTube clips.
于是他们开始从图书馆借书，开始看YouTube视频。
They started to get their fingers in the soil. They started to learn the rhythms of the seasons.
他们开始把手伸进土里。他们开始学习四季的旋律。
There's a lot of evidence that exposure to the natural world is a really powerful antidepressant.
有大量的研究表明接触自然世界是一种非常有效的抗抑郁药。
But they started to do something even more important. They started to form a tribe.
但他们开始做一些更重要的事情。他们开始形成部落。
They started to form a group. They started to care about each other.
他们开始形成团队。他们开始关心彼此。
If one of them didn't show up, the others would go looking for them -- "Are you OK?"
如果其中有个人没出现，其他人会去寻找--“你还好吗？”
Help them figure out what was troubling them that day.
帮助他们解决他们那天遇到的麻烦。
The way Lisa put it to me, "As the garden began to bloom, we began to bloom."
就像丽莎向我说的，“随着园中花朵的绽放，我们也开始绽放。”
This approach is called social prescribing, it's spreading all over Europe.
这个方法被称为社会处方，它正在整个欧洲蔓延。
And there's a small, but growing body of evidence suggesting it can produce real and meaningful falls in depression and anxiety.
有一个小的，但不断增长的证据表明它可以真正且有意义地缓解抑郁和焦虑。有
And one day, I remember standing in the garden that Lisa and her once-depressed friends had built -- it's a really beautiful garden
天，我记得站在这个丽莎和她那些一度抑郁的朋友建造的花园中--这真是个美丽的花园，
and having this thought, it's very much inspired by a guy called professor Hugh Mackay in Australia.
我产生了这个想法，很大程度上受到澳大利亚的休·麦凯教授的启发。
I was thinking, so often when people feel down in this culture,
我在想，当人们在这种文化中感到沮丧时，
what we say to them -- I'm sure everyone here said it, I have -- we say, "You just need to be you, be yourself."
我们是怎么跟他们说的--我确信这里每个人这么说过，我也说过--“你只要做自己，做你自己。”
And I've realized, actually, what we should say to people is, "Don't be you. Don't be yourself. Be us, be we. Be part of a group."
我已经意识到，其实，我们应该跟人们说的是，“别自己一个人，不要做自己。做我们，我们一起。成为团队的一员。”
The solution to these problems does not lie in drawing more and more on your resources as an isolated individual
这些问题的解决方案并不在于把更多的资源看作孤立个体，
that's partly what got us in this crisis.
这正是导致我们陷入这场危机的部分原因。
It lies on reconnecting with something bigger than you.
它在于与比我们更大的东西重新连接。
And that really connects to one of the other causes of depression and anxiety that I wanted to talk to you about.
这正是我想和你们说的另一个和抑郁及焦虑有关的成因。
So everyone knows junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick.
所以每个人都知道，垃圾食品已经占据了我们的饮食，让我们身体不适。
I don't say that with any sense of superiority, I literally came to give this talk from McDonald's.
我说这话并不是带着优越感在说，我来做演讲之前刚去过麦当劳。
I saw all of you eating that healthy TED breakfast, I was like no way.
我看到你们都吃的那种健康的TED早餐，我是不会吃的。
But just like junk food has taken over our diets and made us physically sick,
不过就像垃圾食品已经占据了我们的饮食，并让我们身体不适，
a kind of junk values have taken over our minds and made us mentally sick.
也有一类垃圾价值观占据了我们的头脑，并使我们精神染病。
For thousands of years, philosophers have said,
几千年来，哲学家们说过，
if you think life is about money, and status and showing off, you're going to feel like crap.
如果你认为生活是关于金钱，地位和炫耀，你就会觉得自己像个废物。
That's not an exact quote from Schopenhauer, but that is the gist of what he said.
这不是叔本华的原话，但这是他所说的要点。
But weirdly, hardy anyone had scientifically investigated this,
但奇怪的是，几乎没有人对此进行过研究，
until a truly extraordinary person I got to know, named professor Tim Kasser, who's at Knox College in Illinois,
直到我认识了一个出色的人，伊利诺斯州诺克斯学院的提姆·卡瑟教授，
and he's been researching this for about 30 years now.
他现在已经研究这个主题超过30年了。
And his research suggests several really important things.
他的研究揭示了几个非常重要的事情。
Firstly, the more you believe you can buy and display your way out of sadness,
首先，你越相信你可以通过购物和炫耀来摆脱悲伤，
and into a good life, the more likely you are to become depressed and anxious.
过上美好的生活，你更有可能变得抑郁和焦虑。
And secondly, as a society, we have become much more driven by these beliefs.
第二，作为一个社会，我们越来越被这些信念驱动。
All throughout my lifetime, under the weight of advertising and Instagram and everything like them.
我的一生，都处在广告，Instagram和类似东西的重压之下。
And as I thought about this, I realized it's like we've all been fed since birth, a kind of KFC for the soul.
当我想到这个的时候，我意识到这就像我们的灵魂一出生就被喂了诸如肯德基一类的东西。
We've been trained to look for happiness in all the wrong places,
我们被训练在错误的地方寻找幸福，
and just like junk food doesn't meet your nutritional needs and actually makes you feel terrible,
这就像垃圾食品不能满足你的营养需求，并且实际上还让你感到糟糕一样，
junk values don't meet your psychological needs, and they take you away from a good life.
垃圾价值也不能满足你的精神需求，反而夺走了你的美好生活。
But when I first spent time with professor Kasser and I was learning all this, I felt a really weird mixture of emotions.
当我第一次和卡塞尔碰面时，我学到了所有这些东西。我真是百感交集。
Because on the one hand, I found this really challenging.
因为一方面，我觉得这真的很有挑战性。
I could see how often in my own life, when I felt down, I tried to remedy it with some kind of show-offy, grand external solution.
我时常可以看到自己的生活中，每当我跌倒，我试着用一些炫耀的，宏大的外部解决方案来修补它。
And I could see why that did not work well for me.
我可以看到为什么那样对我并不怎么见效。
I also thought, isn't this kind of obvious? Isn't this almost like banal, right?
我也想到，这不是很明显吗？这不是很老套吗？
If I said to everyone here, none of you are going to lie on your deathbed
如果我跟在座各位说，你们谁也不会在临终的病榻之上，
and think about all the shoes you bought and all the retweets you got,
想着自己买了多少双鞋，收到了多少条转发，
you're going to think about moments of love, meaning and connection in your life.
而是会想起你生命中那些富有爱、意义和联系的瞬间。
I think that seems almost like a cliché.
我觉得这似乎是陈词滥调。
But I kept talking to professor Kasser and saying, "Why am I feeling this strange doubleness?"
但我继续和卡塞尔教授交谈，说道，“为什么我会有这种奇怪的双重感觉呢？”
And he said, "At some level, we all know these things. But in this culture, we don't live by them."
他说，“某种程度上，我们都知道这些东西。但在这种文化中，我们并不靠它们过活。”
We know them so well they've become clichés, but we don't live by them.
我们对它们实在太清楚了，它们于是变得陈词滥调，但我们不靠它们过活。
I kept asking why, why would we know something so profound, but not live by it?
我一直在问自己为什么，为什么我们知道有些东西很重要，但不靠它们而活？
And after a while, professor Kasser said to me,
过了一会儿，卡塞尔博士告诉我，
"Because we live in a machine that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life."
“因为我们生活在一台机器中，它被设计成让我们忽略生命中最重要的东西。”
I had to really think about that.
我真得好好想想。
"Because we live in a machine that is designed to get us to neglect what is important about life."
“因为我们生活在一台机器中，它被设计成让我们忽略生命中最重要东西。”
And professor Kasser wanted to figure out if we can disrupt that machine.
卡塞尔教授想要搞清楚我们能否打败那台机器。
He's done loads of research into this;
他为此做了很多研究。
I'll tell you about one example, and I really urge everyone here to try this with their friends and family.
我会告诉你们一个例子，我真的很迫切鼓励这里每个人跟朋友和家人试试这个。
With a guy called Nathan Dungan,
我和Nathan Dungan一起，
he got a group of teenagers and adults to come together for a series of sessions over a period of time, to meet up.
他让一群青少年和成年人在一段时间内一起参加一系列的会议，互相见面。
And part of the point of the group was to get people to think about a moment in their life they had actually found meaning and purpose.
这个群体的一部分目的是让人们回想他们生命中确实觉得有意义和有目的的瞬间。
For different people, it was different things.
不同的人，想到的会是不同的东西。
For some people, it was playing music, writing, helping someone -- I'm sure everyone here can picture something, right?
对有些人，是播放音乐，写作，帮助别人--我相信这里每一位都能想起一些事情，对吧？
And part of the point of the group was to get people to ask,
这个群体的部分目的是让人们提问，
"OK, how could you dedicate more of your life to pursuing these moments of meaning and purpose,
“好了，你怎么才能把生命中更多的时间用来追求这些有意义和目的的时刻呢，
and less to, I don't know, buying crap you don't need, putting it on social media and trying to get people to go, 'OMG, so jealous!'"
并且少买一些你不需要的垃圾，把它们发到社交媒体上，并试图让别人说，“我的天，真是拉仇恨！”
And what they found was, just having these meetings, it was like a kind of Alcoholics Anonymous for consumerism, right?
他们的发现是，只是通过这些会面，这有点像消费主义的匿名戒酒会，对吧？
Getting people to have these meetings, articulate these values,
让人们参与这些会议，阐明这些价值观，
determine to act on them and check in with each other, led to a marked shift in people's values.
并决定采取行动，互相监督，引发了人们价值观的显著转变。
It took them away from this hurricane of depression-generating messages training us to seek happiness in the wrong places,
它把他们从训练我们在错误的地方寻找幸福和产生抑郁的飓风中带走，
and towards more meaningful and nourishing values that lift us out of depression.
向着更有意义、更有营养的，带领我们走出抑郁的价值前进。
But with all the solutions that I saw and have written about, and many I can't talk about here,
但所有我看到和写过的解决方案，很多我无法在这里讲，
I kept thinking, you know: Why did it take me so long to see these insights?
我一直在思考，为什么它花了我那么长时间才看到这些洞见？
Because when you explain them to people -- some of them are more complicated, but not all
因为当你向人们解释它们时--有些东西更复杂，但非全都复杂，
when you explain this to people, it's not like rocket science, right?
当你向人们解释这些，这不是必定如此，对吧？
At some level, we already know these things.
在某种程度上，我们已经知道这些东西。
Why do we find it so hard to understand? I think there's many reasons.
为什么我们会发现它很难理解？我认为这里有很多原因。
But I think one reason is that we have to change our understanding of what depression and anxiety actually are.
但我认为有个原因是我们得改变我们对抑郁和焦虑的认识。
There are very real biological contributions to depression and anxiety.
抑郁和焦虑有非常真实的生物学原因。
But if we allow the biology to become the whole picture, as I did for so long,
但如果我们让生物学成为唯一解释，就如我很久以来那样做的，
as I would argue our culture has done pretty much most of my life, what we're implicitly saying to people is,
我认为我们的文化在我生命的大部分时间里都在起作用，我们含蓄地告诉人们的是，
and this isn't anyone's intention, but what we're implicitly saying to people is,
这不是任何人的本意，但我们含蓄地告诉人们的是，
"Your pain doesn't mean anything. It's just a malfunction.
“你的痛疼不意味着什么。它只是个故障。
It's like a glitch in a computer program, it's just a wiring problem in your head."
就像电脑程序的一个小故障，它只是你头脑中的线路问题。”
But I was only able to start changing my life when I realized your depression is not a malfunction.
但直到我意识到抑郁并不是一种故障，我才能够开始改变我的生活。
It's a signal. Your depression is a signal. It's telling you something.
它是个信号。你的抑郁是个信号。它在告诉你一些东西。
We feel this way for reasons, and they can be hard to see in the throes of depression
我们这样感受是有原因的，在抑郁的阵痛中很难看到它们，
I understand that really well from personal experience.
就我个人经验而言，我非常理解。
But with the right help, we can understand these problems and we can fix these problems together.
但有了正确的帮助，我们能够理解这些问题并共同修复这些问题。
But to do that, the very first step is we have to stop insulting these signals
但要做到这一点，第一步是我们要停止侮辱这些信号，
by saying they're a sign of weakness, or madness or purely biological, except for a tiny number of people.
说它们是软弱的，疯狂的或纯粹生理的信号，除了少数人。
We need to start listening to these signals, because they're telling us something we really need to hear.
我们需要倾听这些信号，因为它在告诉我们真的需要去倾听的事情。
It's only when we truly listen to these signals, and we honor these signals and respect these signals,
只有当我们真正倾听这些信号，重视这些信号，尊重这些信号时，
that we're going to begin to see the liberating, nourishing, deeper solutions.
我们才会看到解放、滋养、深入的解决方案。
The cows that are waiting all around us. Thank you.
奶牛在周围等着我们。谢谢。