Well, I have known many alpha males in my life, chimpanzee alpha males, and I'm going to talk about what an alpha male is,
我一生中认识很多雄性领袖，黑猩猩雄性领袖，我要来谈谈雄性领袖是什么，
because I think we can all learn a lot from our close relatives where we have alpha males.
因为我认为，在我们也有雄性领袖的事物上，有很多能向我们的近亲学习的。
And as an example, I want to give you Amos, a male that I knew who was a young male and he was alpha male,
举例来说，我认识一只雄性黑猩猩叫做艾莫斯，它很年轻并且它是雄性领袖，
he was very popular, but he got sick and he lost his position because, you know,
它非常受欢迎，但它生病了，它失去了它的地位，因为，你们知道的，
chimpanzee males they can spot from a mile away if you are weak and they went for him,
雄猩猩在一英里外就能发现你很虚弱，所以它们找上它，
and he lost his position, and then he got sicker and sicker until at some point we had to isolate him.
它失去了它的地位，接着它越病越重，直到某个时点，我们得要将它隔离。
The group lived on a grassy island, and we had to isolate him in a cage,
这群动物住在满是青草的岛屿上，我们得要用一个笼子将它隔离，
but we cracked open the cage so that the rest of the chimps still had access to him.
但我们让笼子开了个缝，让其他的黑猩猩仍然能接触到它。
And what happened was most touching.
接下来发生的事情非常感人。
Other chimps would bring food to him, they would bring wood wool to him,
其他黑猩猩会带食物给它，会带木丝给它，
which is this thing that they use to sleep in and build nests out of, and females would put the wood wool behind his back.
木丝是它们用来当床以及建立巢穴用的，母黑猩猩会把木丝放在它背后。
He was leaning heavily against the wall, and the way we do with pillows to patients in a hospital,
它很沉重地倾身靠在墙壁上，就像在医院里我们会拿枕头给病人垫着，
they were putting that stuff behind his back.
它们则是把木丝放在它的背后。
And I thought, this is the way to go for an alpha male.
我心想，这是对待雄性领袖的方式。
He was loved and respected, and everyone was taking care of him, and this is not always how it goes,
它是被爱戴且尊敬的，每只黑猩猩都在照顾它，通常不见得会如此，
because some males don't answer well when they lose their position.
因为有些雄猩猩在失去地位之后并没有被好好地对待。
So Amos was an example of a male who was liked as a leader, and I think the term alpha male,
所以，艾莫斯是个被爱戴的雄性领导者的例子，至于“雄性领袖”这个词，
if you look it up on the internet, you will find all these business books that tell you how to be an alpha male,
若你们上网查，会找到各种商业书籍，教你如何成为雄性领袖，
and what they mean is how to beat up others and beat them over the head and let them know that you are boss and don't mess with me and so on.
而他们的意思是要击败其他人，且要直接打向头部，让其他人知道你是老大，不要来惹我等等。
And basically an alpha male for them is a bully.
因为，对他们来说，雄性领袖就是个恶霸。
And I really don't like that kind of description,
而我真的不喜欢那种描述，
because I am actually partly responsible for the term "alpha male" because I wrote this book "Chimpanzee Politics,"
因为对于“雄性领袖”这个词，我其实也有点责任，因为《黑猩猩政治学》这本书是我写的，
which was recommended by Newt Gingrich to freshmen congressmen.
而纽特·金瑞契把这本书推荐给新进的国会议员。
I don't know what good it did, but he recommended that book to them, and after that the term "alpha male" became very popular.
我不知道这本书有什么好处，但他就推荐给了他们，从那之后，“雄性领袖”这个词就变得很热门。
But I think it is used in a mischaracterization.
但我认为这个词被用在错误的描述中。
It's used in a very superficial way that doesn't relate to what a real alpha male is.
它被拿来做很表浅的解读，那和真正的雄性领袖是不一样的。
And so I'm here to explain what that is. The term itself goes back actually much further.
所以，我来是此要解释雄性领袖是什么。这个词本身的源头要再向前追溯许多。
It goes back to the '40s and '50s, research on wolves, and basically the definition is very simple.
要回到40及50年代，关于狼的研究，基本上，定义十分简单。
The highest ranking male is the alpha male. The highest ranking female is the alpha female.
等级排名最高的雄性，就是雄性领袖。等级排名最高的雌性，就是雌性领袖。
Every primate group has one alpha male, one alpha female, not more than that, there's only one. And I will explain how that goes.
每个灵长类动物群体，都会有一只雄性领袖、一只雌性领袖，不会多，就只有一只。我来解释一下这个过程。
So first, the body language. What you see here is two male chimpanzees who are the same size,
首先，肢体语言。你们在这里看到的是大小相同的两只雄猩猩，
but one is walking upright, has his hair up, has a big rock in his hand, and he's the alpha male.
但有一只用直立的姿势走路，它的毛也是站立着的，手上拿着一块大石头，它就是雄性领袖。
The other male is pant-grunting to him, is being submissive to him and bowing for him,
另一只雄性则是喘吁吁地对它发出呼噜声，对它表示顺从，对它屈身，
and that is the sort of ritual they need to go through many times a day in order to have a stable relationship.
它们一天需要做许多次这种仪式，才能够有稳定的关系。
I'll show you a video from the field.
让我放一段实地拍摄的影片给各位看。
What you will see here is a female pant-grunting to an alpha male and you will see how that goes.
你会看到一只雌猩猩对雄性领袖喘吁吁地发出呼噜声，各位可以看到这个过程。
The male is approaching, she grunts at him.
雄性正在靠近，雌性对它发出呼噜声。
He has all his hair up and he displays.
雄性的毛都立起来了，它在求偶炫耀。
I'm actually standing far too close.
我其实站得太近了。
A chimpanzee is far stronger than I am, and I just was not very prudent, this particular video.
黑猩猩比我强壮太多，在这支影片中，我不够审慎。
So what you saw him do is he was lifting himself up and standing on two legs, and putting his arms out.
所以，你们看见它所做的，是它把自己抬起来，用两脚站立，伸出双臂。
That's called the bipedal swagger. It's a very common posture in high-ranking males,
这叫做双足式的昂首阔步。这是排名等级高的雄性非常常见的姿势，
and it's very recognizable because humans do this kind of stuff. Humans do this all the time.
这非常容易被认出来，因为人类也会做这个动作。人类常常会做。
And what I really like about this particular picture is the two old guys to the side. This is very chimpanzee.
这张照片，我很喜欢的一点，是旁边的两个老家伙。这是非常黑猩猩的景象。
In chimpanzees, we have usually old males who are over the hill, who cannot be alpha male themselves anymore,
在黑猩猩中，通常会有已经过了颠峰期的雄猩猩，它们不能再是雄性领袖，
but they start playing games and forming coalitions, and behind the backs of others.
但它们会开始玩权谋，组成联盟，在别的黑猩猩背后做手脚。
And they become extremely influential, and you may actually have old males who are more influential than the alpha male himself.
它们会变得十分有影响力，确实有可能会有老的雄猩猩比雄性领袖本身还要有影响力。
Just as an example, the three males that I used to work with most at the Dutch zoo long ago, where I worked,
举个例子，我很久以前在荷兰动物园工作时最常接触三只雄猩猩，
and the middle male here is a 17-year-old alpha male.
中间的那一只是十七岁的雄性领袖。
The male who is grooming on the side is twice as old, and this old male has made him the leader.
在旁边被它梳洗的那一只年龄有两倍大，这只老的雄猩猩让它成为领袖。
So you can imagine that that old male has an enormous amount of power, because he has made the alpha male alpha male.
所以，各位可以想象，这只老的黑猩猩有非常大的权力，因为是它让雄性领袖成为雄性领袖的。
The male on the right is individually the strongest male.
右边的那一只，个别来说是最强壮的雄猩猩。
In captivity, you can test it out, and you can know that this male has no trouble with either one.
在囚禁的状况下测试，可以得知这只雄猩猩和其他两只没有个别的过节。
He has only trouble with the combination of the two.
它唯一不满的就是两只黑猩猩结合在一起。
And so the coalition formation that goes on in chimpanzee society makes it much more complex than you think.
所以，在黑猩猩社会中也会有联盟形成，让它们的社会比想象中还复杂。
It means, for example, that the smallest male in a group can be the alpha male.
这意味着，比如，群体中最小的雄猩猩也可能成为雄性领袖。
You don't need to be the biggest and strongest male.
雄性领袖不需要最高大、最强壮。
The smallest male, if he has the right friends and keeps them happy, or he has female support, he can be the alpha male.
最小的雄猩猩如果能找对朋友并让这些朋友保持开心，或能得到雌性的支持，它就有可能当上雄性领袖。
So the coalition system makes everything complex,
结盟的体制让一切变复杂了，
and I'm always waiting here in the US for the primaries, the end of the primaries,
而我一直在美国这里等待着，等待初选，等待初选结束，
because that's a moment where you need to demonstrate unity.
因为在那一刻就会需要展现团结。
Now let me first show you how the unity is shown in chimpanzees.
我先让各位看看在黑猩猩中的团结是什么样子的。
What you see here is two males on the left who are standing together.
在左图中有两只雄猩猩，它们站在一起。
You also see the big canine teeth that they have.
可以看见它们有很大颗的犬齿。
And they're standing together and they demonstrate to the rest of the group, "We are together. We are a unit."
它们站在一起，向群体中的其他黑猩猩宣示：“我们是一起的。我们是一体的。”
The males on the right are walking together in synchrony.
右边的雄猩猩同步走在一起。
That's another way of demonstrating that you are together.
那是另一种宣示它们在一起的方式。
And so demonstrating unity is extremely important in a coalition system,
在结盟的体制中，宣示出团结是非常重要的，
and as I said, in the primaries always I'm waiting for that moment
如我先前所言，在初选中，我总是在等待那个时刻，
because then you have two members of the same party who have been fighting with each other,
因为接着就会有同党派的两个成员，它们本来一直在互相斗争，
and they need to come together at some moment. And it leads to very awkward situations.
却在某个时刻得要连手。这会造成非常尴尬的情况。
People who don't like each other need to embrace each other and stand together,
不喜欢彼此的人得要拥抱彼此，站在一起，
and that's absolutely essential for the unity of the party, and if you don't do that, the party may fall apart.
对于党派的团结，这点是绝对必要的，如果你不这么做，党派可能会分裂。
And so if it doesn't go well, like in this particular case...
如果不太顺利，就像这个案例...
then the party is in deep doo-doo because they have not demonstrated unity.
那么这个党派就有大麻烦了，因为他们没有展现出团结。
So that's a very important part of the coalition system, and that's something that we share between humans and chimpanzees.
所以，那是结盟的体制非常重要的一部分，这也是人类和黑猩猩的共同之处。
Now, how do you become an alpha male?
那么，你要如何成为雄性领袖？
First of all, you need to be impressive and intimidating and demonstrate your vigor on occasion and show that you are very strong,
首先，你得要让人印象深刻且要令人生畏，偶尔要展现出你的精力，显示你非常强壮，
and there's all sorts of ways of doing that.
要做到这一点的方式很多。
But other things that you need to do is you need to be generous.
但你还需要做其他的事，你得要大方。
So, for example, males who go on a campaign to dethrone the leader,
所以，举例来说，如果雄性想要竞选，罢黜现有的领袖，
which may take two or three months where they're testing all the coalitions in the group, they also become extremely generous.
这可能要花二或三个月的时间，它们会用这段时间测试群体中的所有联盟，它们也会变得十分大方。
They share food very easily with everyone. Or they start to tickle the babies of the females.
它们会很轻易就和大家分享食物。或是它们会开始逗弄雌猩猩的宝宝。
They're normally, male chimpanzees, not particularly interested in infants, but when they are campaigning like that,
正常来说，雄猩猩对于婴儿不会特别感兴趣，但当它们要从事竞选时，
they get very interested in infants and they tickle them, and they try to curry favor with the females.
它们就会对婴儿很感兴趣，会逗弄婴儿，它们会试图巴结讨好雌猩猩。
So in humans, of course, I am always intrigued by these men who are candidates and hold babies up like this.
当然，换作是人类，这些男性候选人像这样高举着婴儿时，总让我感到很好奇。
This is not particularly something that babies like...
婴儿并不会特别喜欢被这样对待...
but since it is a signal to the rest of the world, they need to hold them in the air.
但毕竟这是在对全世界传递一个信息，他们总是得把婴儿高举在空中。
And I was really intrigued by, when we had a female candidate in the last election,
还有一点也让我觉得很好奇的，就是上一次的选举中有女性候选人，
the way she held babies was more like this, which is what babies really like.
她抱起婴儿的方式比较像是这样，这才是婴儿喜欢的方式。
But she of course didn't need to send the message that she could hold a baby without dropping it, which was what the man was doing.
但是，当然了，她并不需要传递信息告诉大家她能够抱着婴儿且不会让婴儿摔落，这是刚刚那位男性在传递的信息。
So this is a very common tactic, and male chimpanzees,
所以，这是个很常见的战略，而雄猩猩
they spend a lot of time currying favor with all sorts of parties when they are campaigning.
在竞选的时候，会花很多时间讨好各党派。
Now, what are the privileges and the costs of being an alpha male?
当上雄性领袖有什么特权和代价？
The biggest privilege is females. Food is really irrelevant.
最大的特权就是雌猩猩。食物其实不重要。

Male chimpanzees can go a week without food if there's a female in estrus and they're sexually interested in her.
如果雄猩猩对发情的雌猩猩有“性”趣，它们可以一星期不吃东西。
Food is secondary to sex. And so the male chimpanzees -- and we evolutionary biologists, of course, we have an explanation for this,
性比食物更重要。所以，雄猩猩--当然，我们进化生物学家对此有一种解释说法，
is that sex leads to reproduction, and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.
就是性会导致繁殖，而演化成功就是用繁殖来测量的。
That's how everything evolves. And so if males can enhance their reproductive success by being high ranking,
那就是万物演化的方式。所以，若雄性能够透过取得高的等级地位来增加繁殖的成功，
you get automatically the ambition to be high ranking in the males. So that's the privilege.
雄性自动就会有野心想要取得高的等级排名。所以，那是项特权。
The costs, one cost is of course that you need to keep your partners happy.
至于代价，其中一项当然就是你得要让你的伙伴开心。
So if you come to power with the support of an old male, you need to let that old male mate with females.
如果你是因为老的雄猩猩支持才得以取得权力，你就得让那只老的雄猩猩和雌猩猩交配。
If you don't do that, that old male is going to get mad at you, and you're going to lose him as a partner.
如果不这么做，那只老的雄猩猩就会生你的气，你就会失去这个伙伴。
So there's a transaction going on.
所以，这可说是一项交易。
If you become alpha male this way, you need to keep your partners happy. And so that's one of the costs.
如果你用这种方式成为雄性领袖，你就得要让你的伙伴开心。那是其中一项代价。
The second cost is that everyone wants your position.
第二项代价是大家都想要你的位置。
Alpha male position is a very important position, and everyone wants to take it from you,
雄性领袖的位置非常重要，大家都想从你手上将之夺走，
and so you constantly have to watch your back. You have to be extremely vigilant.
所以你得要常常严防暗算。你得要极度警戒。
For example, you have to disrupt the coalitions of others and that's what male chimpanzees do quite a bit.
比如，你得去瓦解其他猩猩的联盟，雄猩猩常常会结盟。
Divide and rule strategies, they have. And so that's a very stressful situation, and we actually have data on this.
它们有“分而治之”的策略。所以，那是个压力非常大的情况，我们有确实的相关资料左证。
The data comes from the field, from baboons not chimpanzees in this case,
资料来自实地，这项研究的对象是狒狒，而非黑猩猩，
where they did fecal samples on the baboons and they analyzed them for glucocorticoids.
在研究中，他们取得狒狒的粪便样本，他们分析样本中的糖皮质激素。
And what you see here is a graph where you see that the lower ranking the male baboon is,
各位看到的这张图中，当雄性狒狒的等级排名越低，
the higher is his cortisol level in the feces,
它粪便中的皮质醇含量就会越高，
but the alpha male, as you see, has just as high a level as the lowest-ranking males,
但各位可以看到，雄性领袖和最低等级排名的雄性狒狒有一样高的皮质醇含量，
and so you may think that being alpha male is nice and dandy and is wonderful,
因此，各位可能认为身为雄性领袖是很好很棒的一件事，
but it's actually a very stressful position, and we can demonstrate that physiologically.
但那其实是个压力很大的位置，我们可以从生理层面来展示这一点。
Now, what are the obligations? And here, for me, it gets really interesting,
至于义务呢？有什么义务？对我来说，这就是十分有趣的地方，
and it deviates very much from your typical image of the alpha male.
这和各位对于雄性领袖的典型形象认知有很大的差别。
The alpha male has two sorts of obligations. One is to keep the peace in the group.
雄性领袖有两种义务。第一，是要维持群体中的和平。
We call that the control role, to control fights in the group,
我们称之为控制的角色，控制群体中的打斗，
and the second is to be the most empathic, the consoler in chief, basically, of the nation, so to speak.
第二，可以说是要当整个国度中最有同理心的主要安慰者。
So first of all, keeping the peace. This is a male who stops a fight between two females.
所以首先维护和平。这是一只雄猩猩在阻止两只雌猩猩的斗争。
Two females on the left and the right have been screaming and yelling at each other over food,
左边和右边的两只雌猩猩为了食物一直在对彼此吼叫，
because food is very important for the females, and so he stops the fight between them and stands between them like this.
因为对雌猩猩来说食物十分重要，所以这只雄猩猩阻止它们争吵，像这样站在它们之间。
And it's very interesting to me that alpha males, when they do this, they become impartial.
我觉得很有趣的一点是，当雄性领袖在做这件事时，它们能够很公正。
They don't support their mom or their best buddy.
它们不会支持自己的母亲或是最好的朋友。
No, no, they stop fights, and they come up for the underdog in general.
不会，它们就是阻止斗争，并且一般来说它们会为劣势的一方出头。
And this makes them extremely popular in the group, because they provide security for the lowest-ranking members of the group.
这让它们在群体中非常受欢迎，因为它们能提供安全感，保护等级排名最低的群体成员。
And so they become impartial, which is an unusual condition for a chimpanzee to be in,
所以，它们就会变得很公正，这在黑猩猩当中是很不寻常的，
because they're usually very fond of their friends and so on,
因为它们通常都非常喜爱自己的朋友等等，
and these alpha males who are good at this, they can be very effective at keeping the peace in the group.
并且非常擅于此道的雄性领袖能在群体中非常有效地维护和平。
And the second thing they do is they show empathy for others.
它们所做的第二件事，就是展现对其他黑猩猩的同理。
Now, I do an enormous amount of research on empathy, and I don't have time to go into it,
我针对同理心做了很大量的研究，我没有时间深入探讨这主题，
but empathy is nowadays a topic that we study in rodents and dogs and elephants and primates, all sorts of animals.
但现今，同理心是研究探讨的主题，针对啮齿目动物、犬类、大象、灵长类动物，各式各样的动物。
And what you see here is two bonobos. The one in front has been beaten up in a fight.
各位看见的是两只倭黑猩猩。前面的这一只在一场打斗中被打得很惨。
The one in the back puts her arms around her and consoles her.
后面的那一只把它的手臂绕过它、安慰它。
This is also actually how we measure empathy in young children, by looking at how they respond to distressed individuals.
这其实就是我们用来测量儿童同理心的方式，我们会看儿童对于沮丧的人有什么反应。
And high-ranking males, they do a lot of this.
高等级排名的雄性常常会这么做。
High-ranking males provide an enormous amount of comfort in the group,
高等级排名的雄性会在群体中提供大量的安慰，
and they go to places where there are earthquakes or hurricanes and they provide comfort.
雄性会到有地震的地方，或有飓风的地方，提供安慰。
The pope does this. The presidents do this. All the leaders in the world have to do this job.
教皇这么做。总统这么做。世界上所有的领导者都得做这项工作。
The queen does it and so on. They all have to do this job, so providing consolation, and that's a very important task.
女王也会做，以此类推。他们都得做这项工作，所以，提供安慰是一项非常重要的工作任务。
And males who are good at these two, keeping the peace and providing comfort,
擅长做这两件事的雄性，会维护和平也会提供安慰，
they become extremely popular leaders, and there's actually some self-interest involved in it.
就能成为非常受欢迎的领袖，其实这里还涉及到一些自我利益。
They don't do it just for the group, because it also stabilizes their position.
这么做的目的不只是为了群体，也是为了稳固自己的地位。
The more popular a male becomes as alpha male and the more the rest of them respects them and looks up to them,
当雄性领袖变得越受欢迎，并且有越多其他成员尊敬、崇拜它们，
the better their position is defended in case it's going to be challenged by somebody else,
当有其他成员要向它们挑战时，它们的位置就更安全，
because then, of course, the whole group is going to support that male because they want to keep a leader who is good for them.
因为当发生这种状况时，当然整个群体都会支持它，因为大家都想要保有一个对它们好的领袖。
So the group is usually very supportive of males who are good leaders, and it's not supportive at all of bullies.
所以，群体通常都非常支持好的雄性领袖，并且完全不支持恶霸。
And when bullies lose their position, they may end up in a very bad situation there.
当恶霸失去了它们的位置，它们的处境可能会非常糟。
This is data actually on the consolation behavior.
这是关于安慰行为的数据。
This is data on consolation in chimpanzees, and you see for the medium- and low-ranking individuals,
这些数据是黑猩猩的安慰行为数据，各位可以看到，中低等级排名的黑猩猩，
the females do more of it than the males. This is basically the whole community.
雌猩猩会比雄猩猩更常安慰。基本上，这是整个社群。
And this is true for all the mammal studies on empathy is that females have more of it than males.
所有的哺乳动物同理心研究都发现雌性会比雄性更常做出安慰行为。
But look at the alpha male. The alpha male does far more than anybody else.
但看看雄性领袖。雄性领袖远比任何成员做的安慰行为都更多。
And so that's the data on alpha males being the consoler in chief, basically.
基本上，资料呈现出的是雄性领袖在担任主要安慰者。
The last thing I want to say is something about alpha females.
我想谈的最后一件事和雌性领袖有关。
This is a picture of Mama, the alpha female in the Arnhem zoo where I used to work,
这张照片中的是“妈妈”，它是阿纳姆动物园中的雌性领袖，我先前在那里工作，
who is now all over the internet, I think a hundred million clicks at the moment,
它现在在网络上很红，在那时应该有十万次点阅了，
for a video of her dying at the age of 59, which happened last year.
她在59岁时过世的影片，发生的时间是在去年。
And Mama was an absolute centrum of the group. So she was not physically capable of dominating the males.
妈妈是群体中的绝对中心。在身体上，它并没有能力可以支配雄性。
She ranked below the males, but she was the center of the community,
它的等级排名比雄性还低，但它却是社群的中心，
and if there was big trouble in the community, everyone would end up in the arms of Mama.
如果社群中出现大麻烦，大家最终都会以得到妈妈的怀抱收场。
And so she was a very important figure.
所以它是个非常重要的角色。
And so I don't want to minimize the position of alpha females in the chimpanzee group.
所以，我并不想把雌性领袖在黑猩猩群体中的位置放到最低。
And then we have a species that is equally close to us as the chimpanzee, the bonobo.
另外还有一种物种跟我们的相近程度不输给黑猩猩，就是倭黑猩猩。
We often forget about the bonobo, but the bonobos have a matriarchal society and the alpha individual is a female, generally.
我们常常忘了倭黑猩猩，但倭黑猩猩的社会是母权的社会，一般来说，领袖的角色是由雌性来担任。
Generally, it's a female who is at the top of the community,
一般来说，这个角色是位于社群最顶端的雌性，
and we know much less about how this is done and how they get to that position,
我们不是很了解这个过程是如何的、它们如何得到这个位置，
and what they do with it, because we know much less about bonobos in general.
并且要用这个位置做什么，因为我们对于倭黑猩猩的一般知识就比较缺乏。
But I do want to emphasize that the alpha in a group doesn't need to be a male,
但我想要强调的是，群体中的领袖不见得一定是雄性，
and that actually in one of our close relatives, it is a female.
在与我们最接近的物种中，就有一种的领袖是雌性。
So the message I want to leave you with is that if you are looking at men in our society who are the boss of,
我想要留给各位的信息是，如果对于我们人类社会中的男性，比如身为老大的男性，
let's say, a family or a business or Washington or whatever, you call them alpha male,
不论是在家中、在企业中或在华盛顿等等，你称他们为雄性领袖时，
you should not insult chimpanzees by using the wrong label.
你不该用错误的标签来侮辱黑猩猩。
You should not call a bully an alpha male.
不要把恶霸称为雄性领袖。
Someone who is big and strong and intimidates and insults everyone is not necessarily an alpha male.
如果这个人个头很大、很强壮、会威吓人并且会侮辱大家，他不见得就是雄性领袖。
An alpha male has all sorts of qualities, and I have seen bully alpha males in chimpanzees, they do occur,
雄性领袖有各式各样的特质，我曾在黑猩猩中看过恶霸型的雄性领袖，确实有，
but most of the ones that we have have leadership capacities and are integrated in their community,
但大部分我们看见的雄性领袖都具有领导能力，并且和它们的社群结合成为一体，
and, like Amos at the end, they are loved and respected,
就像艾莫斯，到了最后，还是受到爱戴和尊敬的，
and so it's a very different situation than you may think. And I thank you.
这和各位的想法可能有很大的差异。谢谢各位。