So, what is capitalism? Capitalism, fundamentally, is a series of marketplaces.
什么是资本主义？从本质上讲，资本主义是一系列市场的组合。
You can have a marketplace for lemonade, a marketplace for lemons,
你可以有卖柠檬汽水的市场，有卖柠檬的市场，
a marketplace for trucks that transport lemons, a marketplace that fuels those trucks,
有运送柠檬的卡车的市场，有驱动这些卡车的燃料的市场，
marketplaces that sell wood to build lemonade stands.
有出售木头的市场，用来制作放柠檬汽水的货架。
However, capitalism of course, as we know, is this either celebrated term or condemned term.
然而，一提到资本主义，我们都知道，它要么是个褒义词，要么是个贬义词。
It's either revered or it's reviled.
要么是蜜糖，要么是砒霜。
And I'm here to argue that this is because capitalism, in the modern iteration, is largely misunderstood.
而我要说的就是，这是因为今天人们对资本主义有很深的误解。
In my view, capitalism should not be thought of as an ideology, but instead should be thought of as an operating system.
在我看来，资本主义不应该被看成一种意识形态，而应该视其为一种操作系统。
Think of your iPhone. Your iPhone merges hardware with software. Apps and hardware.
想想你的iPhone。你的iPhone是硬件和软件的组合。是APP和硬件的组合。
Now think about all the hardware as the physical reality all around you,
我们不妨把硬件想象为我们周围的物理世界，
and think of the apps as entrepreneurial activity, creative energy.
把APP想象成商业活动，具有创造性的能量。
And in-between, you have an operating system.
而这两者之间的就是操作系统。
As you have advances in hardware, you have advances in software.
你的硬件在发展，软件也在发展。
And the operating system needs to keep up.
那相应的，操作系统也需要跟上。
It needs to be patched, it needs to be updated, new releases have to happen.
需要安装补丁，需要升级，要有新的版本。
And all of these things have to happen symbiotically.
所有这些要同步发展。
The operating system needs to keep getting more and more advanced to keep up with innovation.
操作系统需要不断进化才能跟上创新的脚步。
And this is why, fundamentally, when you think about it as an operating system,
本质上来说，这就是为什么，当你把它看作一个操作系统的时候，
it devolves the language of ideology away from what traditional defenders of capitalism think.
就会把传统的资本主义捍卫者所认为的，它是一种意识形态的看法摈弃。
But even if you go to the constitution, you'll notice, before the founders even got to the First Amendment
但是即使你去翻看宪法，你会发现，在建国者们通过第一修正案之前，
with free speech, free religion, free press, they thought about patents and copyright.
关于言论、宗教和出版的自由，他们首先想到的是专利和版权。
They talked about the government's role in promoting arts and sciences.
他们讨论的是政府在推进艺术和科学发展中所起的作用。
It's the reason why I could not start a search engine tomorrow called Goggle.
所以我不能明天上线一个搜索引擎，把它叫做“Goggle”。
Google doesn't own Gs, but I couldn't do it because there could be some confusion.
当然，谷歌只有一个G，但我也不能这么干，因为会引发歧义。
So even property rights have ambiguity built into them. And on and on.
因此，即使是产权也会有不明确之处。这种情况有很多。
And by 1900, you have other types of property that come into being.
到1900年，其他类型的财产开始出现。
For instance, imagine that in 1900, you owned 100 acres of land someplace in the Midwest.
比如，假设你在1900年拥有100英亩的土地，位于中西部的某处。
It's very easy to see where your fence ends, your neighbor's property begins.
你跟你邻居的土地很容易区分开来，看篱笆从哪里结束就行。
Now let me ask you, where in the sky does your property end?
那么问题来了，你的财产往空中延伸到哪里？
Does it end at 1,000 feet, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet?
是1000英尺高？还是5000英尺或者10000英尺？
It makes no difference, because other than the novelty of a few hot-air balloons, man couldn't fly.
其实区别不大，因为除非坐上当时还很少见的的热气球，当时的人类并不会飞。
But within three years, he could. Now all of a sudden,
但3年之后，就可以了。突然之间，
it was very much relevant whether your land ends at 1,000 feet in the sky, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet.
你的财产范围是1000英尺高，还是5000英尺高，或者10000英尺高，一下子有了意义。
And you have to have someone arbitrate that.
这就需要有人来进行裁决。
And indeed, that's exactly what happened. And five or ten years from now,
事实也是如此。5年或者10年后，
when Amazon wants to deliver a package over your house to your neighbor from that UPS truck,
当亚马逊要将一个包裹从UPS的卡车上越过你的房子送到你邻居家时，
we're going to have to decide: Does you property end at five feet, 10 feet, 50 feet, 100 feet? Where does it end?
我们就要判断：你的土地范围是5英尺高，还是10英尺，50英尺，100英尺？到多高的地方结束？

And there is no ideology that will tell you where your property ends. It's an operating system.
没有哪种意识形态会显示你的土地边界在哪里。这是一种操作系统。
And similarly, we're going to see this with automobiles.
同样的，我们来看一下汽车。
A few years after the Wright brothers figured out flight, human beings started using more and more cars.
在怀特兄弟发明飞机几年后，我们开始越来越多地使用汽车。
And all of a sudden, the regulatory system -- the operating system
一夜之间，监管系统，或者说操作系统，
had to be patched to all of a sudden address the safety of consumers.
需要进行调整，要更加关注消费者的安全。
That the consumers of vehicles were presenting danger to horses, other pedestrians, trolleys, what have you.
汽车消费者可能会危及路上的马匹，行人，有轨电车等等。
And all of a sudden, the drivers of these automobiles had to have driver's licenses,
突然之间，汽车驾驶员都需要拿驾照，
eye exams, registered motor vehicles, speed limits, rules of the road,
测视力，车辆登记，限速，道路交通法规，
so that horses, pedestrians, could coexist with cars. It had to be backwards compatible.
这样才能让马匹、行人跟车辆共存。它必须向后兼容。
So a new invention had to basically fit advances from the past.
也就是新的发明必须能跟旧的事物相匹配。
Similarly, five or ten years from now,
同样的，5-10年后，
we're going to see the same thing with self-driving cars -- coexisting with human-driven cars.
我们会看到无人车跟传统汽车和平共处。
The reason why this is important, is in 10 years,
为什么这件事很重要呢，因为在未来10年，
another thing is going to happen beyond drones and self-driving cars,
还会有一件重要的事情发生，它远比无人机或无人车重要，
but you're going to see the most valuable economy in the world
你们将会看到世界最有价值的经济体，
the largest economy in the world, is going to be a country run by communists.
世界最大的经济体，将会是一个由共产党领导的国家。
The Chinese seem to be very good at capitalism.
中国人似乎对资本主义很在行。
And this is going to have fundamental problems and present an identity crisis for the United States.
这将引发一个根本性的问题，可能会在美国引发身份认知危机。
Because for a long time, free markets coincided with liberties such as free speech, free press, free religion.
因为长久以来，自由市场是跟公民自由息息相关的，比如言论自由、出版自由、宗教信仰自由。
And all of a sudden, this equation is going to be decoupled.
突然之间，这二者分道扬镳了。
And when it gets decoupled, we might find that democracy, the multitude of voices, actually impedes capitalism
当这种情况出现时，我们会发现，民主，多种言论，实际上阻碍了资本主义，
because a state that does not have any pretense of limited government can very quickly mandate a regulatory framework for drones,
因为一个国家，它的政府如果有强大的行动力，就可以非常迅速地出台监管框架--针对无人机，
for electric cars, for self-driving cars, for any new innovation where they feel that they can leapfrog Western societies.
电动车，自动驾驶汽车，任何新发明，只要他们认为可以赶超西方社会。
And this is a very unique thing in the American experience.
美国从未经历过这种事。
And this is why it's very important to think of American capitalism as an operating system and not as an ideology.
这就是为什么要将美国的资本主义看成一个操作系统而不是意识形态。
Because when you think about it as an ideology, you can have good politics make for very, very bad policy.
因为一旦你把它看成意识形态，你就有可能在好的政治制度下制定出非常糟糕的政策。
That market outcomes and democratic voices and battles for votes can end up stifling progress.
那种市场结果和民主声音，为争取选票的斗争，可能会阻碍进步。
So over the next few years, as this political cycle plays out,
在接下来的数年间，随着这种政治循环的上演，
you're going to see American democracy rise to meet the challenges that capitalism poses and modernity poses.
你会看到美国民主如何应对资本主义和现代化提出的挑战。
And I ask policymakers to think about -- decoupling ideology from economics,
我呼吁政策制定者们好好考虑，将经济问题跟意识形态区分开，
and think about how good policy can ultimately become good politics. Thank you.
思考好的政策最终可以如何成就好的政治制度。谢谢大家。