As a lover of human anatomy, I'm so excited that we're finally putting our bodies at the center of focus.
作为人体解剖学的爱好者，我很高兴我们终于开始关注人体之美了。
Through practices such as preventive medicine, patient empowerment and self-monitoring
从预防医学、病患赋权、自我监测，
down to now obsessing over every single step we take in a day.
到现在我们甚至痴迷于每天走多少步。
All of this works to promote a healthy connection between ourselves and our bodies.
所有这一切都旨在让我们与自己的身体建立良好关系。
Despite all this focus on the healthy self, general public knowledge of the anatomical self is lacking.
尽管有如此多对于自身健康的关注，大众对于解剖学的了解仍十分匮乏。
Many people don't know the location of their vital organs, or even how they function.
很多人还不了解重要器官的位置，甚至不知道它们怎么发挥功能。
And that's because human anatomy is a difficult and time-intensive subject to learn.
这是因为人体解剖学是门非常复杂、耗力劳神的学科。
How many of you here made it through anatomy? Wow, good -- most of you are in medicine.
在座多少人拿到了解剖学学位？哇哦，好的--各位大都是学医的。
I, like you, spent countless hours memorizing hundreds of structures.
我和你们一样，花了大量时间熟记上百种身体结构。
Something no student of anatomy could do without the help of visuals.
没有视觉辅助，同学们不可能做到。
Because at the end of the day, whether you remember every little structure or not,
因为最终，不管每个结构记没记住，
these medical illustrations are what makes studying anatomy so intriguing.
这些医学插画都会成为解剖学迷人的地方。
In looking at them, we're actually viewing a manual of our very selves.
看着这些图，其实就是看着一本关于自身的说明书。
But what happens when we're done studying?
但课程完成之后呢？
These beautiful illustrations are then shut back into the pages of a medical textbook, or an app, referenced only when needed.
这些美丽的插画便尘封于医学课本里，或某个APP中，只在需要的时候才有人查看。
And for the public, medical illustrations may only be encountered passively on the walls of a doctor's office.
而对于普通人来说，医学插画可能只是偶尔在医生办公室的墙上瞥见过。
From the beginnings of modern medicine, medical illustration, and therefore anatomy, have existed primarily within the realm of medical education.
自现代医学诞生以来，医学插画和随后的人体解剖学，就主要存在于医学教育中。
Yet there's something fascinating happening right now.
但是一些不可思议的事情正在发生。
Artists are breaking anatomy out of the confines of the medical world and are thrusting it into the public space.
艺术家们正在让解剖学走出医学领域，闯入公众的视野。
For the past nine years, I have been cataloguing and sharing this rise in anatomical art with the public
过去九年间，我一直在进行编目，并与大众分享解剖艺术的兴起，
all from my perspective as a medical illustrator.
仅以一位医学插画家的视角。
But before I get into showing you how artists are reclaiming anatomy today,
不过，在讲述艺术家如何掌握解剖学之前，
it's important to understand how art influenced anatomy in the past.
有必要先了解艺术在过去是如何影响解剖学的。
Now, anatomy is by its very nature a visual science, and the first anatomists to understand this lived during the Renaissance.
解剖学本质上是一门视觉科学，而第一批有这种想法的解剖学家生活在文艺复兴时期。
They relied on artists to help advertise their discoveries to their peers in the public.
他们求助于艺术家，向同行公开展示自己的新发现。
And this drive to not only teach but also to entertain resulted in some of the strangest anatomical illustrations.
这种对寓教于乐的向往，带来了一些极其诡异的解剖插画。
Anatomy was caught in a struggle between science, art and culture that lasted for over 500 years.
解剖学陷入科学、艺术、文化的三角关系中已经500多年了。
Artists rendered dissected cadavers as alive, posed in these humorous anatomical stripteases.
艺术家将解剖的尸体画成活人，上演一场场幽默的解剖“脱皮舞”。
Imagine seeing that in your textbooks today.
设想你们如今在课本也能看到这些会怎样。
They also showed them as very much dead -- unwillingly stripped of their skin.
同样，也可以画得很逼真--被硬剥去外皮。
Disembodied limbs were often posed in literal still lives.
脱离躯干的肢体通常作为静物写生的对象。
And some illustrations even included pop culture references.
一些插图甚至还能看到流行文化的影子。
This is Clara, a famous rhinoceros that was traveling Europe in the mid-1700s, at a time when seeing a rhino was an exciting rarity.
这是克莱拉，18世纪中叶游历欧洲的明星犀牛，那时犀牛非常罕见。
Including her in this illustration was akin to celebrity sponsorship today.
把它画进画里，就相当于今天找明星代言。
The introduction of color then brought a whole new depth and clarity to anatomy that made it stunning.
色彩的应用，带来全新的清晰度和层次感，令解剖插画焕然一新。
By the early 20th century, the perfect balance of science and art had finally been struck with the emergence of medical illustrators.
20世纪初，科学与艺术的完美平衡因医学插画家的出现而实现了。
They created a universal representation of anatomy
他们创造了一套通用解剖表现手法，
something that was neither alive nor dead, that was free from those influences of artistic culture.
无关生死，也不受艺术文化的影响。
And this focus on no-frills accuracy was precisely for the benefit of medical education.
这种毫无夸张的准确性，使医学教育从中受益，
And this is what we get to study from today.
这也是我们如今使用的教学材料。
But why is it that medical illustration -- both past and present -- captures our imaginations?
但为何医学插画从古至今都能激发我们的想象力呢？
Now, we are innately tuned into the beauty of the human body.
我们天生懂得欣赏人体之美。
And medical illustration is still art.
医学插画依然是静态艺术。
Nothing can elicit an emotional response -- from joy to complete disgust -- more than the human body.
任何事物都无法像人体一样表达诸多情感--从快乐到厌恶至极。
And today, artists armed with that emotion, are grasping anatomy from the medical world,
当今，艺术家正运用这一情感，带着解剖学从医学走出来，
and are reinvigorating it through art in the most imaginative ways.
通过艺术的无限想象力，让解剖学焕然一新。
A perfect example of this is Spanish contemporary artist Fernando Vicente.
一个典型的例子是西班牙当代艺术家费尔南多·韦森特。
He takes 19th century anatomical illustrations of the male body and envelops them in a female sensuality.
他将一副19世纪男性解剖插画，用女性的感性重新呈现。
The women in his paintings taunt us to view beyond their surface anatomy,
画中的女性迫使我们揭开表皮一探究竟，
thereby introducing a strong femininity that was previously lacking in the history of anatomical representation.
透着一股浓郁的女性气质，在以前的解剖表现手法中前所未见。
Artistry can also be seen in the repair and recovery of the human body.
艺术技巧还能体现在人体修复上。
This is an X-ray of a woman who fractured and dislocated her ankle in a roller-skating accident.
这张X光片的主人是位女性，轮滑时摔伤，导致踝关节骨折错位。
As a tribute to her trauma, she commissioned Montreal-based architect Federico Carbajal to construct a wire sculpture of her damaged lower leg.
为了纪念这场灾难，她请求蒙特利尔建筑师费德里科·卡瓦哈尔用金属丝给她受伤的小腿做雕塑。
Now, notice those bright red screws magnified in the sculpture.
请注意这些放大的红色螺丝钉。
These are the actual surgical screws used in reconstructing her ankle.
那都是脚踝重塑手术中使用过的医用螺丝钉。
It's medical hardware that's been repurposed as art.
医疗器械在艺术中被重现了。

People often ask me how I choose the art that I showcase online or feature in gallery shows.
大家总问我如何选择作品在网上或画廊中展出。
And for me it's a balance between the technique and a concept that pushes the boundaries of anatomy as a way to know thyself,
我觉得重点是要平衡技巧和突破解剖学自我认知的理念，
which is why the work of Michael Reedy struck me.
这也是迈克尔·里迪的作品打动我的地方。
His serious figure drawings are often layered in elements of humor.
他画的严肃的人像透着一丝幽默。
For instance, take a look at her face. Notice those red marks.
比如这幅，看看画中女孩的脸。注意这些红色印记。
Michael manifests the consuming insecurity of a skin condition as these maniacal cartoon monsters annoying and out of control in the background.
迈克尔将这种对皮肤状态的强烈不安感，用疯狂卡通怪物表现出来，在背景中不受控制，惹人心烦。
On the mirrored figure, he renders the full anatomy and covers it in glitter, making it look like candy.
而一旁的镜面人像，是一整幅解剖图，闪闪发光，看起来像糖果。
By doing this, Michael downplays the common perception of anatomy so closely tied to just disease and death.
这样一来，迈克尔淡化了人们对解剖学的普遍理解，它原本和疾病死亡紧密相关。
Now, this next concept might not make much sense, but human anatomy is no longer limited to humans.
下一个理念可能不太好懂，不过人体解剖学不仅仅局限于人体。
When you were a child, did you ever wish that your toys could come to life?
在孩童时期，你希望过玩具有生命吗？
Well, Jason Freeny makes those dreams come true with his magical toy dissections.
杰森·福瑞利通过解剖玩具，让这成为现实。
One might think that this would bring a morbid edge to one's innocent childhood characters,
有人可能觉得对于孩子天真的童年来说这种做法有点变态，
but Jason says of his dissections, "One thing I've never seen in a child's reaction to my work is fear."
但杰森说：“没有哪个孩子被我的解剖玩具吓到过。”
It's always wonder, amazement and wanting to explore. Fear of anatomy and guts is a learned reaction.
孩子的反应都是好奇、惊讶，想研究一下。对解剖的恐惧不是天生的。
This anatomization also extends to politically and socially charged objects.
这种解剖艺术也蔓延到了政治和社会话题上。
In Noah Scalin's "Anatomy of War," we see a gun dissected to reveal human organs.
在诺亚·斯凯林的《解剖战争》中，我们看到内部有着人体器官的枪。
But if you look closely, you'll notice that it lacks a brain.
但仔细看，你会发现枪没有大脑。
And if you keep looking, you might also notice that Noah has so thoughtfully placed the rectum at the business end of that gun barrel.
再仔细看，你还会发现，诺亚巧妙地设计让枪口对应的是直肠。
Now, this next artist I've been following for many years, watching him excite the public about anatomy.
下一位艺术家我已追随多年，看着他如何使公众为解剖学而疯狂。
Danny Quirk is a young artist who paints his subjects in the process of self-dissection.
丹尼·阔克是位年轻艺术家，他笔下的人物都在做自我解剖。
He bends the rules of medical illustration by inserting a very dramatic light and shadow.
他改变医学插画的原则，采用极富戏剧性的光影。
And this creates a 3-D illusion that lends itself very well to painting directly on the human skin.
呈现的3D效果非常适用于直接画在人的皮肤上。
Danny makes it look as if a person's skin has actually been removed.
丹尼的画作看起来就像表皮真的被揭下一样。
And this effect -- also cool and tattoo-like -- easily transitions into a medical illustration.
这一效果--很酷，很像纹身，能很方便的被用作医学插画。
Now Danny is currently traveling the world, teaching anatomy to the public via his body paintings,
丹尼正在世界各地，通过人体彩绘为民众普及解剖学知识，
which is why it was so shocking to find out that he was rejected from medical illustration programs. But he's doing just fine.
这也让我在得知他被医学插画项目拒绝的时候深感意外。不过他照样很享受现状。
Then there are artists who are extracting anatomy from both the medical world and the art world and are placing it directly on the streets.
还有些艺术家将解剖学从艺术和医学中抽离，直接带上了街头。
London-based SHOK-1 paints giant X-rays of pop culture icons.
位于伦敦的SHOK-1展示了关于流行文化的巨幅X光片的涂鸦。
His X-rays show how culture can come to have an anatomy of its own,
这些X光片表现出文化怎样拥有自己的解剖学，
and conversely how culture can become part of the anatomy of a person.
而相反地，文化如何演变成人体解剖的一部分。
You come to admire his work because reproducing X-rays by hand, let alone with spray paint, is extremely difficult.
你喜欢他的涂鸦，因为手绘复制X光片已经很难了，更不用说喷漆，简直难上加难。
But then again this is a street artist, who also happens to hold a degree in applied chemistry.
不过他不但是街头艺术家，还拥有应用化学的学位。
Nychos, an Austrian street artist, takes the term "exploded view" to a whole new level,
Nychos，一位奥地利街头艺术家，将“爆炸式分解”带上了新高度，
splattering human and animal dissections on walls all over the world.
他肢解的人体和动物，涂鸦在世界各地的墙上。
Influenced by comics and heavy metal, Nychos inserts a very youthful and enticing energy into anatomy that I just love.
受漫画和重金属的熏陶，Nychos为解剖学注入了青春诱人的力量，让我爱不释手。
Street artists believe that art belongs to the public.
街头艺术家坚信艺术是大众的。
And this street anatomy is so captivating because it is the furthest removed from the medical world.
街头解剖学之所以迷人，是因为它离医学最远。
It forces you to look at it, and confront your own perceptions about anatomy,
它迫使你注视，令你直面自己对解剖学的理解，
whether you find it beautiful, gross, morbid or awe-inspiring, like I do.
不管你觉得好看，恶心，变态，还是和我一样觉得叹为观止。
That it elicits these responses at all is due to our intimate and often changing relationship with it.
之所以会有如此多感受，是因为我们与解剖学亲密又无常的关系。
All of the artists that I showed you here today referenced medical illustrations for their art.
今天给大家介绍的所有艺术家，都借鉴了医学插画进行艺术创作。
But for them, anatomy isn't just something to memorize, but a base from which to understand the human body on a meaningful level;
但对他们而言，解剖学不是死记硬背的东西，而是作为一种了解人体意义的基础；
to depict it in ways that we can relate, whether it be through cartoons, body painting or street art.
用我们能联想到的方式描绘出来，可以是卡通，人体彩绘，也可以是街头艺术。
Anatomical art has the power to reach far beyond the pages of a medical textbook,
解剖艺术有着超越医学课本范畴的力量，
to ignite an excitement in the public, and reinvigorate an enthusiasm in the medical world,
它能点燃大众的热情，重燃医学界的热忱，
ultimately connecting our innermost selves with our bodies through art. Thank you.
最终通过艺术，将身体与我们内心深处连接起来。谢谢。