Let's talk dirty. A few years ago, oddly enough, I needed the bathroom, and I found one, a public bathroom,
我们来说点“脏话”吧。几年前，奇怪的是，我需要去上厕所，我找到了一间公共厕所，
and I went into the stall, and I prepared to do what I'd done most of my life: use the toilet, flush the toilet, forget about the toilet.
我走进厕所间的时候，正要准备做我这一生常做的事：那就是方便，冲水，再将一切抛诸脑后。
And for some reason that day, instead, I asked myself a question, and it was, where does this stuff go?
不知道什么原因，那天我反而问了自己一个问题，那就是这些东西会到哪里？
And with that question, I found myself plunged into the world of sanitation -- there's more coming --sanitation, toilets and poop,
因为这个问题，我发现自己一头扎入了卫生世界--好戏还在后头--卫生，厕所和粪便排泄物，
and I have yet to emerge. And that's because it's such an enraging, yet engaging place to be.
还有我。那是因为这是一个这么让人反感但又迷人的地方。
To go back to that toilet, it wasn't a particularly fancy toilet, it wasn't as nice as this one from the World Toilet Organization.
回头看看刚才那间厕所，它并没有特别华丽，也不像这间来自世界厕所组织的这么美好。
That's the other WTO. But it had a lockable door, it had privacy, it had water,
这是另外一个WTO。但是它门上有锁、有隐私、可以厕后冲水，
it had soap so I could wash my hands, and I did because I'm a woman, and we do that.
有肥皂可以洗手，我洗了手因为我们女性都洗手。
But that day, when I asked that question, I learned something,
但是那天，当我提出了那个问题，我明白了些事情，
and that was that I'd grown up thinking that a toilet like that was my right, when in fact it's a privilege.
就是我活这么大一直都认为使用那样的厕所是我的权利，而实际上它是一种特权。
2.5 billion people worldwide have no adequate toilet. They don't have a bucket or a box.
全世界有25亿人没有设备齐全的厕所可用。他们没有一个桶或箱子。
Forty percent of the world with no adequate toilet.
全世界有百分之四十的人没有厕所。
And they have to do what this little boy is doing by the side of the Mumbai Airport expressway,
他们得像这个小男孩儿一样，在孟买的机场高速公路旁解决，
which is called open defecation, or poo-pooing in the open.
这被叫做露天排便，或者公开便便。
And he does that every day, and every day, probably, that guy in the picture walks on by,
而且他每天都这样做，每天啊，大概，图片上的那个男人都会熟视无睹的经过，
because he sees that little boy, but he doesn't see him.
因为他已经见怪不怪了。
But he should, because the problem with all that poop lying around is that poop carries passengers.
但是他其实应该看到这一切，因为随地大小便带来的问题是粪便携带着病菌。
Fifty communicable diseases like to travel in human shit.
50种传染病是通过人类粪便传播的。
All those things, the eggs, the cysts, the bacteria, the viruses, all those can travel in one gram of human feces. How?
所有这些，卵、孢囊、细菌、病毒，都可以在一克人类粪便中传播。怎么传播？
Well, that little boy will not have washed his hands. He's barefoot.
那个小男孩儿解决完后不会洗手。他也没有穿鞋。
He'll run back into his house, and he will contaminate his drinking water and his food
他会跑回家，然后开始污染他的饮用水和食物，
and his environment with whatever diseases he may be carrying by fecal particles that are on his fingers and feet.
以及他生活的环境，污染源就在沾在他手上和脚上的粪便颗粒里。
In what I call the flushed-and-plumbed world that most of us in this room are lucky to live in,
在我称之为“冲之即去”的世界里，也就是在坐大多数人幸运的生活着的世界里，
the most common symptoms associated with those diseases, diarrhea, is now a bit of a joke.
大部分与这些疾病联系在一起的病症，腹泻，对我们来说更像是一个玩笑。
It's the runs, the Hershey squirts, the squits. Where I come from, we call it Delhi belly, as a legacy of empire.
它就是一种持续的排泄喷射。我家乡那边管这个叫做“德里肚子”，作为大英帝国的一个遗产。
But if you search for a stock photo of diarrhea in a leading photo image agency, this is the picture that you come up with.
但是如果你在一家主流图片库代理商处寻找一张关于腹泻的图片，这就是你可能会找出来的一张。
Still not sure about the bikini. And here's another image of diarrhea.
还是不大确定该不该穿比基尼。而这是另一张关于腹泻的图片。
This is Marie Saylee, nine months old. You can't see her, because she's buried under that green grass in a little village in Liberia,
这是Marie Saylee，9个月大。大家看不到她，因为她已经被安葬在利比里亚一个小村庄的那片绿草地下，
because she died in three days from diarrhea -- the Hershey squirts, the runs, a joke.
因为她已死于连续三天的腹泻--持续不断的排泄，一个“玩笑”。
And that's her dad. But she wasn't alone that day, because 4,000 other children died of diarrhea, and they do every day.
而这是她的父亲。但是她并不是那天唯一的一个，因为当天还有4千个其他的儿童死于腹泻，就这样日复一日。
Diarrhea is the second biggest killer of children worldwide,
腹泻是世界上第二大儿童杀手，
and you've probably been asked to care about things like HIV/AIDS or T.B. or measles,
大家大概被呼吁关心像艾滋病、结核或者麻疹等疾病，
but diarrhea kills more children than all those three things put together.
但其实腹泻杀死的儿童比以上三者加起来的都多。
It's a very potent weapon of mass destruction.
它是一个非常有力的大规模杀伤性武器。
And the cost to the world is immense: 260 billion dollars lost every year on the losses to poor sanitation.
它造成的损失也是十分惨重的：每年全世界因恶劣的卫生条件而损失2600亿美元。
These are cholera beds in Haiti. You'll have heard of cholera, but we don't hear about diarrhea.
这些是在海地的霍乱床。大家都听说过霍乱，但是我们没有听说过腹泻。
It gets a fraction of the attention and funding given to any of those other diseases.
它得到的关注和赞助只相当于这些疾病中任意一个得到的一小部分。
But we know how to fix this. We know, because in the mid-19th century,
但是我们知道怎么解决这个问题。我们知道，因为在19世纪中叶，
wonderful Victorian engineers installed systems of sewers and wastewater treatment and the flush toilet, and disease dropped dramatically.
伟大的维多利亚时代的工程师们安装了下水道和废水处理系统以及抽水马桶，因此得病率大幅降低。
Child mortality dropped by the most it had ever dropped in history.
儿童死亡率是历史上下降最厉害的。
The flush toilet was voted the best medical advance of the last 200 years by the readers of the British Medical Journal,
抽水马桶被英国医学杂志的读者评选为过去200年最好的医学进步，
and they were choosing over the Pill, anesthesia, and surgery. It's a wonderful waste disposal device.
它打败了药片、麻醉和手术。它真是一个非常好的废物处理装置。
But I think that it's so good — it doesn't smell, we can put it in our house, we can lock it behind a door
但我认为它的好处还在于--它没有臭味，我们可以把它安在家里，给它装上门，
and I think we've locked it out of conversation too. We don't have a neutral word for it.
而且我认为我们同时也对它避而不谈了。我们没有一个中性词来形容它。
Poop's not particularly adequate. Shit offends people. Feces is too medical.
“大便”并不特别合适。“屎”又冒犯他人。“粪便”又太医学了。
Because I can't explain otherwise, when I look at the figures, what's going on.
因为我没法解释，尤其是在看到数据后，到底是怎么回事。
We know how to solve diarrhea and sanitation, but if you look at the budgets of countries, developing and developed,
我们知道怎样预防和治愈腹泻以及改善卫生条件，但是如果大家看看各国的预算，发展中和发达国家，
you'll think there's something wrong with the math,
你就会想是不是哪里算错了，
because you'll expect absurdities like Pakistan spending 47 times more on its military than it does on water and sanitation,
因为你会发现荒谬的事情，如巴基斯坦花在军队建设上的投入是花在水和卫生设施上的47倍，
even though 150,000 children die of diarrhea in Pakistan every year.
尽管每年有15万巴基斯坦儿童死于腹泻。
But then you look at that already minuscule water and sanitation budget,
但是如果再看看那已经微不足道的在水和卫生设施上的预算，
and 75 to 90 percent of it will go on clean water supply, which is great; we all need water.
75%到90%的预算会用来安装净水设施，这当然是极好的；我们都需要水。
No one's going to refuse clean water. But the humble latrine, or flush toilet,
没有人会拒绝喝干净的水，但简易厕所，或者抽水马桶，
reduces disease by twice as much as just putting in clean water. Think about it.
可以比只使用干净水减少两倍的得病率。想想看吧。
That little boy who's running back into his house, he may have a nice, clean fresh water supply,
那个小男孩儿，他跑着回到家里，他可能有很好，很干净的给水设备，
but he's got dirty hands that he's going to contaminate his water supply with.
但是他的脏手会污染给水设备。
And I think that the real waste of human waste is that we are wasting it as a resource and as an incredible trigger for development,
而且我认为对于人类废物的真正浪费是我们没有把它作为一种资源和一种强大的发展动力来看待，
because these are a few things that toilets and poop itself can do for us.
因为这些是厕所和粪便能为我们做的一些事情。
So a toilet can put a girl back in school.
一个厕所可以让一个女孩儿重回学校。
Twenty-five percent of girls in India drop out of school because they have no adequate sanitation.
25%的印度女孩失学因为她们没有合适的卫生设备。
They've been used to sitting through lessons for years and years holding it in.
她们已经习惯了年复一年的憋着上完课。
We've all done that, but they do it every day, and when they hit puberty and they start menstruating, it just gets too much.
我们都这么干过，但是她们每天都这样，然后当她们到青春期开始来月经的时候，问题变得没法解决了。

And I understand that. Who can blame them? So if you met an educationalist and said,
我可以理解这点。谁又会怪她们呢？如果你跟一个教育学家说，
"I can improve education attendance rates by 25 percent with just one simple thing," you'd make a lot of friends in education.
“我可以通过一个简单的事情让入学率上升25%，”你在教育界的人缘儿会很好。
That's not the only thing it can do for you. Poop can cook your dinner.
这并不是厕所能为我们做的唯一一件事。粪便还能为你做饭。
It's got nutrients in it. We ingest nutrients. We excrete nutrients as well. We don't keep them all.
它里面有营养素。我们摄取营养素同时也排泄营养素。我们并不全部把它们储存起来。
In Rwanda, they are now getting 75 percent of their cooking fuel in their prison system from the contents of prisoners' bowels.
在卢旺达，如今75%的监狱炊事燃料来自犯人们的排泄物。
So these are a bunch of inmates in a prison in Butare.
这些是布塔雷监狱里的一些犯人。
They're genocidal inmates, most of them, and they're stirring the contents of their own latrines,
他们是种族主义囚犯，大部分都是，他们正在搅拌他们自己厕所里的粪便，
because if you put poop in a sealed environment, in a tank, pretty much like a stomach,
因为如果你把粪便放在一个密封的环境下，在一个罐子里，大体跟胃一样，
then, pretty much like a stomach, it gives off gas, and you can cook with it.
它会产生瓦斯气体，这些气体可以用来做饭。
And you might think it's just good karma to see these guys stirring shit,
可能你会想他们活该被叫去搅粪，
but it's also good economic sense, because they're saving a million dollars a year.
但是这也同时非常经济，因为他们每年都能节约一百万美元。
They're cutting down on deforestation, and they've found a fuel supply that is inexhaustible, infinite and free at the point of production.
他们在减少森林的砍伐，同时他们找到了一种可再生的、无限的和生产起来完全免费的燃料供应链。
It's not just in the poor world that poop can save lives.
并不是说只有在贫穷地区粪便才能救人命。
Here's a woman who's about to get a dose of the brown stuff in those syringes,
这边的这个妇女正要接受这些注射器里的黄褐色的东西，
which is what you think it is, except not quite, because it's actually donated.
就像大家想的一样，除了一点，它其实是捐献的。
There is now a new career path called stool donor. It's like the new sperm donor.
现在有一个新的职业，称为大便捐助者。就像是新的精子捐献者。
Because she has been suffering from a superbug called C. diff, and it's resistant to antibiotics in many cases.
因为她长期被一种叫C.diff的超级病菌折磨，而且这种病菌大多数情况下都是耐抗生素的。
She's been suffering for years. She gets a dose of healthy human feces, and the cure rate for this procedure is 94 percent.
她已经患病好多年了。她得到了一些健康人类的粪便，而且这一方法的治愈率已经达到了94%。
It's astonishing, but hardly anyone is still doing it. Maybe it's the ick factor.
这真是太奇妙了，但是几乎没有人这么做了。也许是因为它倒人胃口的一面。
That's okay, because there's a team of research scientists in Canada who have now created a stool sample,
没关系，因为加拿大的一些科学研究者们已经研制出了一种粪便样品，
a fake stool sample which is called RePOOPulate.
一个叫做REPOOPulate的假粪便样品。
So you'd be thinking by now, okay, the solution's simple, we give everyone a toilet.
到此大家可能会想，那好，解决方案就简单了，我们给每个人一个厕所就是了。
And this is where it gets really interesting, because it's not that simple, because we are not simple.
这时候事情就变得非常有趣了，没有那么简单，因为人类是复杂的。
So the really interesting, exciting work -- this is the engaging bit -- in sanitation is that we need to understand human psychology.
所以真正有趣和让人激动的工作--在卫生领域--就是我们需要了解人类心理学。
We need to understand software as well as just giving someone hardware.
我们在给一个人硬件设备的同时也要明白软件的使用。
They've found in many developing countries that governments have gone in and given out free latrines
我们在很多发展中国家发现，政府已经提供了免费厕所，
and gone back a few years later and found that they've got lots of new goat sheds or temples or spare rooms
然后几年后大家发现那里的人们建了新的羊圈或者寺庙或者备用的客房，
with their owners happily walking past them and going over to the open defecating ground.
而他们的主人却高兴的经过他们到对面的露天排便区去了。
So the idea is to manipulate human emotion. It's been done for decades.
所以我们的想法就是影响人类的情感。这个方法已经被使用了几十年。
The soap companies did it in the early 20th century.
肥皂公司们在20世纪早期就这么做了。
They tried selling soap as healthy. No one bought it. They tried selling it as sexy. Everyone bought it.
他们试图把卖点定义为健康。没有人要。他们把肥皂说成是性感的。所有人都买了。
In India now there's a campaign which persuades young brides not to marry into families that don't have a toilet.
在印度，现在有一个宣传活动，它是劝说年轻的新娘们不要嫁到没有厕所的婆家去。
It's called "No Loo, No I Do."
它的口号就是“没有厕所，就没有‘我愿意’”。
And in case you think that poster's just propaganda, here's Priyanka, 23 years old.
如果你认为这张海报只是一个宣传的话，这是Priyanka，23岁。
I met her last October in India, and she grew up in a conservative environment.
我去年10月在印度认识的她，她在一个保守的环境下长大。
She grew up in a rural village in a poor area of India,
她在一个印度贫困地区的乡村长大，
and she was engaged at 14, and then at 21 or so, she moved into her in-law's house.
她在14岁订婚，然后21岁左右，她搬到了婆家去住。
And she was horrified to get there and find that they didn't have a toilet.
然后她非常恐惧的发现婆家竟然没有厕所。
She'd grown up with a latrine. It was no big deal, but it was a latrine.
她娘家是有厕所的。没什么大不了的，但它确实是一个厕所。
And the first night she was there, she was told that at 4 o'clock in the morning -- her mother-in-law got her up,
她在婆家过的第一夜，凌晨4点，她的婆婆把她叫醒
told her to go outside and go and do it in the dark in the open. And she was scared.
并让她去外面露天空地上趁天黑解决。她吓坏了。
She was scared of drunks hanging around. She was scared of snakes. She was scared of rape.
她害怕附近的醉鬼。她怕蛇。她怕被强暴。
After three days, she did an unthinkable thing. She left.
三天后，她做了一件让人难以置信的事。她离开了婆家。
And if you know anything about rural India, you'll know that's an unspeakably courageous thing to do.
如果你对印度的偏远乡村有些了解的话，你就会知道这需要多么大的勇气。
But not just that. She got her toilet, and now she goes around all the other villages in India persuading other women to do the same thing.
但是不止如此。她得到了她的厕所，而且现在她到印度其他的村庄去劝说其他的妇女做同样的事情。
It's what I call social contagion, and it's really powerful and really exciting.
我把它叫做社会蔓延效应，它真的非常给力而且让人激动不已。
Another version of this, another village in India near where Priyanka lives is this village, called Lakara,
另一个故事发生在离Priyanka的村子不远的这个村子，叫Lakara，
and about a year ago, it had no toilets whatsoever. Kids were dying of diarrhea and cholera.
大概一年前，它没有一个厕所。儿童们死于腹泻和霍乱。
Some visitors came, using various behavioral change tricks like putting out a plate of food and a plate of shit and watching the flies go one to the other.
一些人过来，用了各种行为改变技巧，比如拿出一盘食物和一盘粪便让当地人观察苍蝇们从一盘飞向另一盘。
Somehow, people who'd been thinking that what they were doing was not disgusting at all suddenly thought, "Oops."
那些认为他们的所作所为并不恶心的人们突然想到，“天啊，糟糕。”
Not only that, but they were ingesting their neighbors' shit.
不仅如此，他们原来都在吃邻居们的粪便。
That's what really made them change their behavior.
这个真的改变了他们的行为。
So this woman, this boy's mother installed this latrine in a few hours.
所以，这个妇女，这个男孩儿的母亲，几个小时之内就安装了这个厕所。
Her entire life, she'd been using the banana field behind, but she installed the latrine in a few hours.
她的整个人生，都是在后面的香蕉地里解决的内急，但是她却在几小时之内就安装了厕所。
It cost nothing. It's going to save that boy's life.
它完全免费。同时也会拯救那个男孩儿的生命。
So when I get despondent about the state of sanitation,
所以当我对卫生状况感觉沮丧的时候，
even though these are pretty exciting times because we've got the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation reinventing the toilet,
尽管这些都是非常让人振奋的，比如我们有了比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会重新发明厕所，
which is great, we've got Matt Damon going on bathroom strike, which is great for humanity, very bad for his colon.
非常伟大，我们有了马特·达蒙为卫生间罢工，这对人类进步来说非常好，但对他的结肠来说却很糟糕。
But there are things to worry about. It's the most off-track Millennium Development Goal.
但是还是有事情需要我们担心。这是最偏离轨道的千年发展目标。
It's about 50 or so years off track. We're not going to meet targets, providing people with sanitation at this rate.
它已经偏离轨道有50年了。我们不会完成目标的，如果我们仍以这样的速度提升人类的卫生条件的话。
So when I get sad about sanitation, I think of Japan,
所以当我对卫生状况伤心的时候，我想到了日本，
because Japan 70 years ago was a nation of people who used pit latrines and wiped with sticks,
因为日本70年前还是一个人人用坑式厕所完事后用棍子擦拭的民族，
and now it's a nation of what are called Woshurettos, washlet toilets.
而现在这是一个被称作“Woshurettos”的民族，冲洗马桶。
They have in-built bidet nozzles for a lovely, hands-free cleaning experience,
他们有内置浴盆喷嘴来营造一个美好的，无须用手清理的体验，
and they have various other features like a heated seat and an automatic lid-raising device which is known as the "marriage-saver."
而且他们还有其他的不同功能，比如一个加热坐垫和一个自动打开马桶盖的装置，人们都叫它“婚姻保卫者”。
But most importantly, what they have done in Japan, which I find so inspirational,
但是最重要的，他们在日本的成就，让我受益匪浅的是，
is they've brought the toilet out from behind the locked door.
他们把厕所从锁着的门后面解救了出来。
They've made it conversational. People go out and upgrade their toilet.
他们让人们可以谈论它。人们开始升级他们的厕所。
They talk about it. They've sanitized it. I hope that we can do that. It's not a difficult thing to do.
他们谈论它。他们已经打破了禁忌。我希望我们也可以这么做。其实并不难。
All we really need to do is look at this issue as the urgent, shameful issue that it is.
我们需要的就是把这个问题看成是非常紧急和可耻的问题。
And don't think that it's just in the poor world that things are wrong.
而且不要认为只有在贫穷国家才有这个问题。
Our sewers are crumbling. Things are going wrong here too. The solution to all of this is pretty easy.
我们的下水道也在摇摇欲坠。这里也同样有问题。解决这所有问题也非常简单。
I'm going to make your lives easy this afternoon and just ask you to do one thing,
我会让大家这个下午的日子好过些，我只让大家做一件事情，
and that's to go out, protest, speak about the unspeakable, and talk shit. Thank you.
就是走出去，呼吁，宣讲这些难以启齿的问题，以及聊聊内急这件事。谢谢大家。