How do we build a society without fossil fuels?
如果不用石油，我们如何让一个社会运转起来？
This is a very complex challenge, and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.
这是个十分严峻的挑战，我相信发展中国家可以为这个改变起带头作用。
And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,
我很清楚这是一个很有争议性的说法，
but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.
但事实是，如果我们国家的发展始终围绕着石油，国家就会承担巨大的风险。
We can do it differently. And it's time, it really is time, to debunk the myth
我们能换一种发展方案。而且是时候，真的是时候了，去揭穿这个
that a country has to choose between development on the one hand and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.
所谓一个国家必须在一边是经济发展，另一边是环境保护，可再生资源以及生活质量中二选一的谬误。
I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.
我来自哥斯达黎加，一个发展中国家。
We are nearly five million people, and we live right in the middle of the Americas, so it's very easy to remember where we live.
我们有将近五百万的人口，身处在美洲的中心，所以记住哥斯达黎加的位置十分的简单。
Nearly 100 percent of our electricity comes from renewable sources, five of them.
我们所用的电力资源几乎百分之百来自于可再生资源，一共有五种。
Hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, biomass.
水力，地热，风力，太阳能以及生物质。
Did you know that last year, for 299 days, we did not use any fossil fuels in order to generate all our electricity?
你们知道去年，总共有299天，我们生产的所有电力压根没有使用任何化石燃料吗？
It's a fantastic achievement, and yet, it hides a paradox, which is that nearly 70 percent of all our energy consumption is oil.
这是一个了不起的成就，但同时这也隐藏了一种矛盾，那就是我们百分之七十的能源消费都是石油。
Why? Because of our transportation system, which is totally dependent on fossil fuels, like it is in most countries.
为什么？因为我们的交通系统，就像很多其他国家一样，完全依赖于化石燃料。
So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon, the question is,
所以如果我们把能源过渡看成是一段马拉松，那么问题来了，
how do we get to the finish line, how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?
我们如何才能到达终点线？我们如何才能让我们国家其余的经济体系脱碳？
And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed, it's difficult to see who will.
负责任地说，如果我们无法成功，那别人也很难做到。
So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,
所以这就是为什么我想跟你们谈谈哥斯达黎加，
because I believe we are a great candidate in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.
因为我相信，我们在不使用化石燃料的发展蓝图中是一个不错的候选人。
If you know one thing about our country, it's that we don't have an army.
如果你们对我们的国家有一点点了解的话，就一定知道，我们没有军队。
So I'm going to take you back to 1948. That year, the country was coming out of civil war.
所以接下来，我想带领你们回到1948那年。那年，哥斯达黎加刚从一场内战中解脱。
Thousands of Costa Ricans had died, and families were bitterly split.
成千上万的哥斯达黎加人死于战乱，一个个家庭支离破碎。
And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds: we would reboot the country, and that Second Republic would have no army.
然而，一个令人惊讶的想法得到了大家的支持：我们要让国家重新繁荣起来，而且第二共和国将不会有军队。
So we abolished it. And the president at the time, José Figueres, found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.
所以我们废除了军队。当时的总统，何塞·菲格雷斯，还通过敲碎军队基地的墙壁，来表达坚毅与决心。
The following year, 1949, we made that decision permanent in the new constitution, and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.
接下来的一年，1949年，我们把这个决定写进了我们的宪法里，将它永久地保留下来，这也是为什么我能在将近70年后跟你们讲这段故事。
And I'm grateful. I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,
我很感激。我很感激他们在我出生之前做了这个决定，
because it allowed me and millions of others to live in a very stable country.
因为这个决定让我和百万名哥斯达黎加的百姓，生活在一个非常安定的国家里。
And you might be thinking that it was good luck, but it wasn't. There was a pattern of deliberate choices.
你有可能觉得这只是好运气，但这并不是。这一切都是因为一系列经过深思熟虑的决定。
In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care. We called that social guarantees.
在上世纪40年代，哥斯达黎加人可以免费上学，享受免费医疗。我们把这些叫做社会保障。
By abolishing the army, we were able to turn military spending into social spending, and that was a driver of stability.
废除了军队，让我们能够把庞大的军事消费用在社会保障上，而这就是我们国家稳定的基石。
In the '50s -- In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,
在50年代时--在五十年代时，我们开始投资水电工程，
and that kept us away from the trap of using fossil fuels for electricity generation, which is what the world is struggling with today.
这也使我们避免陷入使用石油来发电的困局，而现在全世界都在这个泥潭中挣扎。
In the '70s we invested in national parks, and that kept us away from the deeply flawed logic of growth,
在70年代的时候，我们投资建立了国家公园，而这也使我们避开了
growth, growth at any cost that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.
“不惜一切代价发展”这种大错特错的逻辑，但这个畸形的理念却被很多其它发展中国家所尊崇。
In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,
在90年代时，我们率先提出了为生态系统保护工作者支付报酬的政策，
and that helped us reverse deforestation and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.
而这帮助我们逆转了森林砍伐的后果，同时促进了生态旅游，而这也是我们今天经济发展的主要引擎。
So investing in environmental protection did not hurt our economy. Quite the opposite.
所以在环境保护方面的投资并没有妨碍我们的经济发展。反而起到了促进作用。
And it doesn't mean we are perfect, and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions. That's not the point.
但这不代表我们是完美的，也不代表我们没有其他顾虑。这不是重点。
The point is that, by making our own choices, we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.
重点是，因为做出了我们自己的决定，我们要坚韧又不失灵活地处理发展过程中的各种问题。
Also, if you take a country like ours, the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars, depending on how you measure it.
而且，用哥斯达黎加举例，哥斯达黎加人均GDP差不多是11000美元，当然这在于你是怎么计算的。
But according to the Social Progress Index, we are an absolute outlier when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.
但根据社会进步指数的数据，将GDP转化为社会进步这一点上，我们绝对是超群的。
Abolishing the army, investing in nature and people, did something very powerful, too.
废除军队，在保护自然环境和百姓康乐上投资，这几点都对哥斯达黎加的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
It shaped the narrative, the narrative of a small country with big ideas, and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.
这一切造就了我们的故事，那就是，一个小国家也能有大想法，而这个小国家也在跟随这段故事的脚步慢慢成长。
So the question is, what is the next big idea for this generation?
那么问题来了，我们这一代的下一个大想法又是什么呢？
And I believe what comes next is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good, just as we did with the army.
我相信我们这一代，将会为了更好的环境放弃使用化石燃料，就像我们当初废除了军队一样。
Fossil fuels create climate change. We know that, and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.
化石燃料造成了全球气候变化。我们都知道这一点，也明白我们在面对气候变化所带来的影响时多么不堪一击。
So as a developing country, it is in our best interest to build development without fossil fuels that harm people in the first place.
所以身在一个发展中国家，在建设过程中摒弃化石燃料才是我们最好的选择，因为这本身就是在伤害我们自己。
Because why would we continue importing oil for transportation if we can use electricity instead?
因为当我们可以用电力来代替石油的时候，我们为什么要继续为了交通运输而进口石油？
Remember, this is the country where electricity comes from water in our rivers, heat from volcanoes, wind turbines, solar panels, biowaste.
请记住，这是一个从江河的水流、火山的炙热、风力发电机、太阳能板和生物废料中获取电能的国家。
Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system
放弃化石燃料，意味着交通系统也必须跟着变革，
so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity instead of dirty energy.
所以我们就可以用电能来发动私家车，公共汽车和火车，而不再是用会污染环境的石油。
And transportation, let me tell you, has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans, because the model we have is not working for us.
而且让我告诉你们，交通已经成为哥斯达黎加人生活中的一个麻烦了，因为现在我们的交通模式并不适合我们。
It's hurting people, it's hurting companies, and it's hurting our health.
这影响了百姓的利益，也伤害了公司的利益，同时也在影响我们的身体健康。
Because when policies and infrastructure fail, this is what happens on a daily basis.
因为当政府政策和基础设施的建设都无法发挥作用的时候，这就是每天都要发生的情况。
Two hours in the morning, two hours in the evening. I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.
早上塞两个小时，晚上再塞两个小时。我不明白这一切的不便利为什么会变成我们必须接受的常态。
It's offensive to have to waste our time like this every single day.
每天必须浪费这么多时间在路上，是很令人不快的。
And this highway is actually quite good compared to what you see in other countries where traffic is exploding.
而这条高速公路，相比起你们在别的国家所看到的塞车高峰，已经是相当不错的了。

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa." Presa means "imprisoned."
哥斯达黎加人把这个叫做“Presa”。Presa是被囚禁的意思。
And people are turning violent in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida. It's happening. So a lot is at stake.
而本该是在一个国家里过着纯净生活的人们，开始变得浮躁，暴力。这已经开始发生了。所以很多美好的事都将受到威胁。
The good news is that when we talk about clean transportation and different mobility, we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.
好消息是，当我们说到纯净无污染的交通系统和与众不同的运输方式，我们不是在天方夜谭地讨论不可能的纯净乐土。
We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.
我们是在讲已经在发生的电力交通运输。
By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars are expected to cost the same, and cities are already trying electric buses.
到2022年，电动汽车和传统汽车预测会有不相上下的价格，而且有的城市已经开始尝试使用电动公共汽车了。
And these really cool creatures are saving money, and they reduce pollution.
而这些酷炫的家伙会替我们省钱，节能减污。
So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can, because we have options now that we didn't have before. It's really exciting.
所以如果我们想放弃以石油为主的交通系统，我们完全可以，因为现在我们拥有以前所没有的选择。这真的令人非常激动。
But of course, some get very uncomfortable with this idea,
不过当然，有些人会对这个想法感到不快，
and they will come and they will tell you that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.
然后他们会来跟你说，整个世界只能被石油左右，哥斯达黎加也在所难免，所以现实一点吧。
That's what they tell you. And you know what the answer to that argument is?
这是他们的说法。那你们知道该怎么回应这番辩词吗？
That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies, so let's keep our army, too.
在1948年的时候，我们并没有说，因为世界都被军队掌控，那我们也留着我们的军队吧。
No, we made a very brave choice, and that choice made the whole difference.
不，我们做了一个勇敢的决定，而且这个决定为哥斯达黎加人民带来了翻天覆地的改变。
So it's time for this generation to be brave again and abolish fossil fuels for good.
所以是时候该让我们这一代人再次勇敢起来，彻底摒弃化石燃料。
And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.
而且我也有三个理由来解释我们为什么一定要这样做。
First, our model of transportation and urbanization is broken, so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.
第一，我们的交通和城市化模式已经千疮百孔，所以这是重新定义城市和运输系统的未来的最佳时机。
We don't want cities that are built for cars. We want cities for people where we can walk and we can use bikes.
我们不想要为汽车而建的城市。我们想要的是为人民百姓而建的城市，在那里我们可以走路，可以骑自行车。
And we want public transportation, lots of it, public transportation that is clean and dignifying.
并且我们需要的是公共交通，庞大的、纯净无污染的、更高尚的公共交通系统。
Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars, our cities will become unbearable.
因为如果我们继续购买更多的传统汽车，我们的城市将不堪重负。
Second, we have to change, but incremental change is not going to be sufficient. We need transformational change.
第二，我们必须改变，但是逐步的变化是不够的。我们需要的是转型和变革。
And there are some incremental projects in my country, and I am the first one to celebrate them. But let's not kid ourselves.
我们的国家也在实施一些逐步改善计划，而我也是第一个为这些计划叫好的人。但是不要自欺欺人。
We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here and a few electric buses there
我们谈的不是这里以后会有漂亮的电动汽车，那里又会有几辆电动公共汽车，
while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure, more cars, more roads, more oil.
如果我们持续投资跟以前一样的城市基础设施，这只会造成一样的车多、路多、油多。
We're talking about breaking free from oil, and you cannot get there through incrementalism.
我们谈的是彻底从石油中解脱，而我们也不能通过渐进主义做到这一点。
Third, and you know this one, the world is hungry for inspiration.
第三，你们都有所耳闻，今天的世界如饥似渴地寻找灵感来源。
It craves stories of success in dealing with complex issues, especially in developing countries.
成功处理复杂事件的背后隐藏着刻苦铭心的故事，特别是在发展中国家。
So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,
所以我觉得哥斯达黎加可以成为别国的典范，
as we did last year when we disclosed that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels in order to generate all our electricity.
就像我们去年向世界透露，我们已经有很长一段时间都没有用化石燃料来发电了一样。
The news went viral around the world.
这则消息像病毒一样疯狂传遍了全世界。
Also, and this makes me extremely proud, a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,
而且，这也让我感到非常的自豪，一个哥斯达黎加的女性，克里斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，
played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.
在巴黎气候协议中的谈判起到了关键性的作用。
So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.
所以我们必须捍卫这个成就，并且以身作则。
So what comes next? The people. How do we get people to own this?
那么接下来呢？我们的百姓。我们如何才能让人们去接受这个想法？
How do we get people to believe that it's possible to build a society without fossil fuels?
我们如何才能让人们相信建造一个没有石油的社会是有可能的？
A lot of work from the ground up is needed.
从最基本的工作开始是必经过程。
That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.
这就是为什么，在2014年的时候，我们创建了Costa Rica Limpia。
"Limpia" means "clean," because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.
"Limpia"的意思是“干净”，因为我们想启发、鼓励我们的公民。
If citizens don't get engaged, clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless, and I mean endless, technical discussions,
如果公民们不参与，开发无污染的交通系统的决定将会被无限的技术研讨会所淹没，
and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.
和代表不同利益的组织所游说阻挠。
Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables is already part of our story.
成为一个全由可再生资源供电的绿色国家的这个想法，早已是我们国家故事中的一个篇章。
We should not let anybody take that away from us.
我们不能让任何人夺走属于我们的故事。
Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,
去年，我们聚集了从7个省来的群众，讨论了气候变化对于他们的影响，
and we also brought this year another group of Costa Ricans to talk about renewable energy. And you know what?
而今年我们又聚集了另一群哥斯达黎加人，讨论了可再生资源。你们猜怎么着？
These people disagree on almost everything except on renewable energy and clean transportation and clean air. It brings people together.
这些群众平常几乎是没有众口一致过的，但他们在关于可再生资源、无污染交通系统和干净空气的问题上达成了一致。这也让哥斯达黎加人团结了。
And the key to real participation is to help people not to feel small.
真正能引导群众积极参与的关键，是去让人们意识到自己的一举一动不再渺小。
People feel powerless, and they are tired of not being heard.
群众很多时候都会觉得自己有心无力，他们再也不希望自己的呼声被无视了。
So what we do is concrete things, and we translate technical issues into citizen language
所以我们要做的是基础观念的建立，把专业问题转述成百姓听得懂的语言，
to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.
这样才能让他们觉得有责任团结一致，贡献自己的力量。
For the first time, we're tracking the promises that were made on clean transportation, and politicos know that they have to deliver it,
我们首次紧密地监督对无污染交通系统的承诺，政客也知道他们需要去传达这个理念，
but the tipping point will come when we form coalitions -- citizens, companies, champions of public transportation
但是当我们形成了坚固的联盟--民众、公司、公共交通系统的拥护者，
that will make electric mobility the new normal, especially in a developing country.
我们就会势不可挡地将电力交通转换为新的常态，特别是在发展中国家。
By the time the next election comes, I believe every candidate will have to disclose where they stand on the abolition of fossil fuels.
在下一届选举到来的时候，我相信每一位候选人都必须在摒弃化石燃料使用的这一问题上表态。
Because this question has to enter our mainstream politics.
因为这一问题势必会成为政治主流。
And I'm telling you, this is not a question of climate policy or environmental agenda.
我还要告诉你们，这并不是一个气候政策的问题，也不是一个保护环境的议程。
It's about the country that we want and the cities that we have and the cities that we want and who makes that choice.
这一切都是为了我们想要的一个理想国度、我们拥有的城市、我们想要的城市以及由谁来做这些决定。
Because at the end of the day, what we have to show is that development with renewable energy is good for the people,
因为到最后，我们要展现的是可再生资源的发展对人们是有益处的，
for Costa Ricans that are alive today and especially for those who haven't been born.
对今天活着的哥斯达黎加人，对还未出生的哥斯达黎加人都有益处。
This is our National Museum today. It's bright and peaceful, and when you stand up in front of it,
这是我们的国家博物馆。明亮而平和，而当你站在它面前时，
it's really hard to believe these were military barracks at the end of the '40s.
很难相信这里曾经是40年代末的军营。
We started a new life without an army in this place, and here is where our abolition of fossil fuels will be announced one day.
我们在这个没有军队的地方展开了一段新的生活篇章，而这里终有一天也会是我们向全世界宣布摒弃化石燃料的地方。
And we will make history again. Thank you.
我们将又一次创造历史。谢谢。