Hi. Welcome to www. engvid. com, I'm Adam.In today's video we're going to look at some more advanced grammar.
嗨，欢迎来到 www. engvid. com，我是 Adam。在今天的视频里，我们要来看一些比较高级的语法。
We're going to look at the noun clause.Now, you may have seen my previous video where I did an introduction to subordinate clauses.
我们要讲名词性从句。你可能看过我以前的视频，我在里面做了一个从句的入门课程。
Today I'm going to look at only one, only the noun clause, get a little bit deeper into it, show you some examples, show you how it works, how to build it, when to use it, etc.
今天我要讲的只是一种从句，只讲名词性从句，稍微深入地讲一讲，给你看一些例句，告诉你它的原理、如何构建从句、什么时候用这种从句等等。
So before we begin, let's review: what is a clause?
在开始之前，我们来复习一下什么是从句？
A clause is a combination of words that must contain a subject and a verb. Okay?
从句是一些单词的组合，其中必须包含一个主语和一个动词。
Now, every sentence has at least one independent clause.The noun clause is a dependent clause.
每个句子至少有一个独立从句。名词性从句是从属分句。
Okay? I'm going to write that here, it's a dependent.What that means is that this clause cannot be a sentence by itself.
知道了吗？我把它写下来，它是从属的。意思就是这个分句不能独立成句。

It is always part of a sentence that contains an independent clause, but the noun clause can be part of the independent clause, and we're going to see that in a moment.
它一般是一个包含独立从句的句子中的一部分，但是名词性从句可以是那个独立从句的一部分，我们一会儿就会看到这种句子。
But before we do that, we also have to look at the conjunctions. Okay?
但是在看那种句子前，我们还要看一看连词。
So these are the words...the conjunctions are the words that join the noun clause to its independent clause or that begin the noun clause. Okay?
连词是将名词性从句和它的独立从句连接在一起或引导名词性从句的词。
And again, we're going to look at examples.
还是一样，我们一会儿会讲几个例句。
So these are the ones you need to know: "that", "which", "who", "whom", "whose", "what", "if", "whether", "when", "where", "how", "why", and then: "whoever", "whomever", "whenever", "wherever", "whatever", "whichever".
下面这些是你需要认识的连词："that"，"which"，"who"，"whom"，"whose"，"what"，"if"，"whether"，"when"，"where"，"how"，"why"，以及 "whoever"，"whomever"，"whenever"，"wherever"，"whatever"，"whichever"。
These can all be conjunctions.Now, you have to be careful with a few of them.
这些都可以作为连词。其中有几个使用的时候一定要注意。
Some of these can also be conjunctions to adjective clauses, which will be a different video lesson entirely.
这些词中有一些也可以作为定语从句的连词，那就是完全不同的一个视频课了。
And you also have to remember that this clause in particular: "that", is quite often removed.
你还要记住，"that" 这个连词通常都会被省略。
Means it's understood to be there, it's implied, but we don't actually have to write it or say it when we're using the noun clause.
也就是说，我们知道那个位置上要用 "that"，必须要用，但是我们在使用名词性从句时不必真的把它写出来或说出来。
And again, we're going to look at examples of "that".
还是一样，我们稍后会看看 "that" 的例句。
Another thing to remember is that only some of these can be both the conjunction, the thing that starts the clause, and the subject of the clause.
还要记住的一点是，这些连词中只有一些既能作为连词，也就是引导从句的成分，又能作为从句的主语。
So, for example: "which" can be the subject, "who" can be the subject, "whom" is always an object, never a subject, and "what" can be the subject.
比如 "which" 可以作主语，"who" 可以作主语，"whom" 总是作宾语，永远不能作主语，还有 "what" 可以作主语。
"Who", "whoever", "whatever", "whichever" can also be subjects.So I'm going to put an "s" for these. Okay?
"who" 、"whoever" 、"whatever" 、"whichever" 也能作主语。我给这些词写上 "s" 表示主语。
So it's very important to remember these because sometimes you have to recognize that it is both the conjunction and the clause, and recognize it as a noun clause.
一定要记住这些，因为有时候你必须认出它既是连词又是从句的主语，认出这是名词性从句。
Now, of course, it will be much easier to understand all this when we see actual examples, so let's do that.
当然啦，看到真正的例句后理解这些内容就简单多了，那我们就来看例句吧。
Okay, so now we're going to look at when to use the noun clause and how to use the noun clause.
好了，现在我们要来讲一讲什么时候使用名词性从句以及如何使用名词性从句。
So, noun clauses have basically four uses. Okay?Or actually five, but one of them is similar.
名词性从句一般有四个用法。或者实际上是五个，但其中有两个很相似。
First of all we're going to look at it as the subject.So, a noun clause can be the subject of a clause, of an independent clause.
首先我们要来讲名词性从句作主语。名词性从句可以用作一个分句，独立分句的主语。
So let's look at this example: "What she wore to the party really turned some heads."
我们来看看这个例句：“她穿去派对上的衣服回头率很高。”
So, what is the noun clause?"What she wore to the party".
那么这里的名词性从句是什么呢？“她穿去派对上的衣服”。
Okay? So here's our conjunction, here's our subject, and here's our verb.Okay? And then here's another verb.
这是我们的连词，这是我们的主语，而这是我们的动词。懂了吗？然后这是另一个动词。
Now, remember: in every sentence, you're going to have one tense verb, will have one subject that corresponds to it.
记住了，每个句子中有一个时态动词就会有一个与之对应的主语。
Here I have two tense verbs, which means I need two subjects.
这里我有两个时态动词，也就是说我需要两个主语。
So the subject for "wore" is "she", the subject for "turned" is the entire clause.
所以 "wore" 的主语是 "she"，而 "turned" 的主语是这整个从句。
This is the noun clause subject to this verb. Okay?Turned what?
这个名词性从句是这个动词的主语，懂了吗？"turned" 后面的宾语是什么？
"Some heads", and here, we have the object of the whole sentence.
"some heads"，这是整个句子的宾语。
So this sentence is essentially SVO, so we have an independent clause, but the subject of the independent clause is a noun clause.
所以这个句子本质上还是主谓宾的结构，我们有一个独立分句，但这个独立分句的主语是一个名词性从句。
So although you have one independent clause, this is still a complex sentence because we're using an independent and the subordinate, and the dependent clause to build it.
虽然有一个独立分句，这个句子仍然是一个复合句，因为我们用了一个独立分句和从句来组成这个句子。
Now, here, the conjunction is separate from the subject itself.We're going to look at other examples soon.
在这个从句中，连词和主语是分开的。我们很快会再看看其他的例句
Here: "Whoever wants to know should ask me."
看一下这个句子：“不论谁想知道，都应该问我。”
So, if you're not sure about what's going on with clauses, a good hint, a good way to understand any sentence is to first of all identify the verbs.
如果你不确定从句的情况，理解一切句子的一个好提示，好方法是首先找出动词。
Now, it doesn't mean identify all the verbs.Identify all the tense verbs.
并不是说要找出所有的动词。而是要把所有的时态动词找出来。
So in this case we have "wants", and here we have an infinitive, so this is not a tense verb.
那么在这个句子中，我们要找出的是 "wants"，这里有一个不定式，所以它并不是时态动词。
It's just an infinitive verb.And here we have "should ask".
它只是不定式里的动词。这里有 "should ask"。
Now, a modal is considered part of the tense verb, it's part of the main verb of a clause.
我们把情态动词看作是时态动词的一部分，是分句中主动词的一部分。
So now I have two verbs, of course I need two subjects.
现在我有两个动词，那我当然就需要两个主语了。
So, here's my subject for "wants", and here is my subject to "should ask".
这是 "wants" 的主语，而这是 "should ask" 的主语。
Who should ask me?"Whoever wants to know".
谁应该问我？“任何想知道的人”。
Okay? So I still have a noun clause as the subject for the main verb, and this is your object, and "wants" also has its own object.
懂了吗？所以主动词的主语还是一个名词性从句，这是宾语，而 "wants" 也有它自己的宾语。
So, the whole SVO, SVP, SVA applies whether you're in a dependent clause or whether you're in an independent clause.
无论是从属分句，还是独立分句，主谓宾、 主谓代、主谓定的结构都适用。
And if your noun clause is part of the independent clause, all the rules still apply.
如果你的名词性从句是独立分句的一部分，所有这些规则仍然适用。
Think of this as one subject with its verb and object.
把这整个当做一个主语，后面是它的动词和宾语。
Here's your subject, verb, and object, and they work together.
这是主语、动词和宾语，它们一起构成句子。
So, noun clause as subject.Now, we're going to look at the next example.
以上是名词性从句作主语的内容。现在我们要来看下一个例句。
Here we have noun clause as object, or subject complement.
在这里，名词性从句充当的是宾语或主语补语。
Just to refresh your memory: an object answers the question what or whom about the verb.
提醒一下你，宾语回答的是动作的承受者是谁或是什么这个问题。
A subject complement answers what or whom about the subject.
主语补语回答的是主语是什么或是谁这个问题。
So, let's look at the first example.So: "Please ask mom what we're having for dinner."
我们来看第一个例句。“请问一下妈妈我们晚饭吃什么。”
So, what is the subject here?Of course "you", because this is an imperative.
那么，这里的主语是什么呢？当然是 "you" 啦，因为这是一个祈使句。
Ask who? "Mom".This is indirect object.Hope you can see the "i. o.", indirect object.
问谁？"mom"。这是间接宾语。希望你能看到我写的 "i.o"，它表示的是间接宾语。
Now, please ask mom what?What should you ask her?"What we are having for dinner".
请问一下妈妈什么事？你应该问她什么？“我们晚饭吃什么”。
So, here we have our conjunction "what", here we have our subject "we", "are having" is our verb, and "for dinner" is your adverb. Okay?
这里是我们的连词 "what"，这是我们的主语 "we"，"are having" 是我们的动词，而 "for dinner" 是副词。
So now this whole thing is the object...let me try to not make it too messy, here.Object to the verb "ask".
这整个部分是宾语......我尽量不弄得太杂乱。动词 "ask" 的宾语。
Okay. Subject, verb, object, conjunction, subject, verb, and then we have our adverb there.But we're working on an object.
好了，主语，动词，宾语，连词，主语，动词，然后是我们的副词。但是刚才讲的后面一大部分都是一个宾语。
Here's another example: "Do you know...", so now we're looking at it as a question.
下面是另一个例句：“你知不知道......”，所以现在我们要看的是一个问句。
And this is one of the things that you have to be careful about.Noun clauses are clauses, they're not questions.
这是你必须注意的一个方面。名词性从句是从句，并不是问句。
So when you see the word "what", it doesn't mean necessarily that it's a question.
所以当你看到 "what" 这个词时，它不一定就是表示问句。
A good hint, a good way to understand that it's not a question, that it's a noun clause is that the subject comes before the verb.
弄明白它不是一个问句而是一个名词性从句的一个好方法是，主语位于动词之前。
In a question, the verb...the subject...the verb will come before the subject.
在问句中，动词位于主语之前。
"What are we having for dinner?"Okay. "Do you know if she's coming?"
比如“我们晚饭吃什么？”“你知不知道她来不来？”
So: "Do you know", so "you" is the subject, "know" is the verb.Know what?
那么，在 "Do you know" 中，"you" 是主语，"know" 是动词。知道什么？
So now you need an object to the verb "know", so there it is.
所以现在你需要一个宾语跟在动词 "know" 后面，它就在这里。
Well, without the question mark, but you understand that."If she is coming?"
不包括那个问号，不过你懂的。“她来不来？”
"If" is the conjunction, subject is "she", "is coming" is your verb.
"if" 是连词，主语是 "she"，"is coming" 是动词。
And you have a full clause, and the full clause acts as the object to "know".
这是一个完整的从句，而这个完整的从句充当的是 "know" 的宾语。
So far so good.Now, when do we use a subject complement?
到目前为止还不错。什么时候使用主语补语呢？
Generally when we have a "be" verb as your main verb or any copular or linking verb, like: "seem", "appears", or "looks like".
一般是当主动词是 "be" 动词或像 "seem" 、"appears" 或 "looks like" 这样的系动词或连系动词时。
These are not action verbs.They're just situation verbs, and so we use them like a "be" verb, like an equal sign.
这些都不是行为动词。它们只是语境动词，用法像 "be" 动词一样，像等号一样。
And we're talking about the subject.So: "Paul isn't..."So, "Paul" is your subject, "is not" is your verb.
我们要讲的是主语。那么，“ Paul 不是......”"Paul" 是主语，"is not" 是动词。
Is not what?"What is generally considered handsome".
不是什么？“一般被认为长得帅的人”。
Subject, verb, verb, split up. Okay?"Considered handsome" is what?The object to "considered".
主语，动词，动词，分开了。"considered handsome" 是什么？是 "considered" 的宾语。
But...so: "is considered handsome" is the subject complement, tells you about Paul.Paul is like not handsome.
但是......所以 "is considered handsome" 是主语补语，给你描述了 Paul 的情况。Paul 长得不帅。
But not...you can't say...not directly handsome, just most people look at him, they wouldn't think he's a handsome person, general idea. Okay?
但不......你不能说......不是一眼看上去就觉得帅，只是大部分人看到他时不会认为他是个长得帅的人，大体看法，懂吗？
But again, subject, verb, subject, complement.Subject, verb, object, etc.Subject, verb, object, or whatever.
但还是一样，主语，动词，主语，补语。主语，动词，宾语等等。主语，动词，宾语等等。
As...you must understand how the independent clause works in order to be able to use the noun clauses properly in their positions.
你必须弄懂独立分句是怎么回事，这样名词性从句才能用对位置。
But so far we've looked at noun clause as subject, noun clause as object, noun clause as subject complement.
但是到目前为止，我们已经看过了名词性从句作主语，名词性从句作宾语，名词性从句作主语补语。
We still have to look at two more uses of the noun clause.Let's look at those now.
我们还要再讲两个名词性从句的用法。我们现在来看看吧。
Okay, so now we're going to look at the other two types of noun clauses, or the other two uses of the noun clause.
好了，那么现在我们要来看看另外两种类型的名词性从句，或者名词性从句的另外两种用法。
The first one we're going to look at is the object again, but this time we're looking at the object of a preposition.
我们要看的第一个还是宾语，但这一次要讲的是介词宾语。
So, in this case, what is a preposition?
那么，介词是什么呢？
Words like "for", "about", "to", so these are prepositions, and prepositions take objects.
像 "for" 、"about" 、"to" 这样的词都是介词，而介词后面要接宾语。
So we can use a noun clause as an object to a preposition."Sarah should not be held responsible for..."
所以我们可以用名词性从句作为介词的宾语。“不应该让 Sarah 承担......”
So now I'm giving you an explanation what she shouldn't be responsible for.
现在我就要向你说明不应该让她为什么事情承担责任。
"...for what her brother does."So, again, here's your noun clause, and it is the object of "for".
“......她弟弟所做的事情的责任。”还是一样，这是名词性从句，它是 "for" 的宾语。
And the whole expression with a preposition is a complement to "be held responsible".
而介词引导的这整个部分都是 "be held responsible" 的补语。
I'm completing the meaning.But this is not...this is where you have to be careful.
我在补充完整句子的意思。但这个不是......这是你必须要注意的地方。
It's not an object to the verb: "should not be held", it's an object to the preposition "for".
它不是动词 "should not be held" 的宾语，而是介词 "for" 的宾语。
Here's another example, and here I'm going to have two.
下面还有一个例句，这里有两个介词。
So sometimes remember an object...a sentence can have many objects, just like a noun clause can be used many times.
记住，有时候一个句子中可以有很多个宾语，就像名词性从句可以用很多次一样。
"It's more a question of...", so here's your preposition.
“问题更多地在于......”，这是介词。
"...of whom she said it to than..." and here's...this is another preposition."...than why she said it."
“......在于她对谁说了，而不是......”，这是另一个介词。“......而不是她为什么说。”
So, "whom she said it to" is more...the thing we need to understand more than why she said it.
所以，“她对谁说了”比“她为什么说”更加重要。
But again, it doesn't matter because here's your...here's your first one.
但还是一样，这不要紧，因为这个是第一个。
Here's your first noun clause.Notice I'm using "whom" because it's "to whom". Okay?
这是第一个名词性从句。注意我用的是 "whom"，因为它是介词 "to" 的宾语。
And: "than why she said it", so here's another noun clause, object, object here, object here.
然后 "than why she said it"，这是另一个名词性从句，作宾语，这里是宾语，这里也是宾语。
It doesn't matter what preposition you're using, but if it needs an object, you can use a noun clause for that.
你用的是什么介词并不重要，但是如果它后面需要宾语，你可以用一个名词性从句。
And then we have the adjective complement.Adjective complement.
然后我们要讲形容词补语。形容词补语。
So sometimes we have a sentence that's complete, but then we want to give a bit more information because although the sentence is complete,
有时候我们的句子是完整的，但是之后我们又想增加一点信息，因为虽然句子是完整的，
the idea is complete, it needs more information.
概念是完整的，但它需要更多的信息。
So...I shouldn't say that, the idea is not necessarily complete, but the sentence is complete and can stand on its own.
所以......我不应该这么说，概念不一定是完整的，但是句子是完整的，可以独立存在。
It's an independent.So: "I am happy", complete sentence.
它是独立的。所以“我很开心”，这个句子是完整的。
"I am happy", it's a complete idea as well, but there are many reasons to be happy.
“我很开心”，这里的概念也是完整的，但是开心有很多理由。
So I want to give more information to make it a more complete idea.
所以我想再加上一些信息，使它变成一个更完整的概念。
So then I can add in a noun clause with "that".
那么接着我可以加上一个由 "that" 引导的名词性从句。
Now, you notice I put it between brackets, why?Because I can take it out.
你会注意到我把它放在了括号里面，为什么要这样呢？因为我可以把它省略掉。
"I am happy that you've decided to come."Or: "I'm happy you've decided to come."
“我很开心的是你决定过来。”或者“我很开心你决定过来。”
Now, more often than not, people will take this out.Why? Because extra words, we don't need them.
通常人们都会把它拿掉。为什么？因为这是多余的，我们不需要它。
You will understand it's there.Just concentrate on what I'm saying.
你知道它在那儿。注意听我讲的就好了。
So, again, subject, verb, "to come", object.All of this is giving me more information about the "happy".
还是一样，主语，动词，不定式 "to come"，宾语。这些为我提供了更多关于 "happy" 的信息。
Happy why?That you've decided to come.
为什么开心？因为你决定过来。
"I'm unsure", "I am unsure", again, complete sentence, technically, but there's a reason you're not sure. Right?
“我不确定”，还是一样，“我不确定”按照规则来说是一个完整的句子，但是不确定是有原因的，对吧？
So you want to complete this idea with a noun clause."I'm unsure if he's coming.", conjunction.
所以你要用一个名词性从句来补充完整这个概念。“我不确定他来不来。”，这个是连词。
Now, be careful, "if" is also an adverb conjunction.But this is not an adverb situation, this is a noun clause, conjunction, subject, verb, that's it, complete clause.
要注意了，"if" 也是一个状语连词。但是这不是状语语境，这是一个名词性从句，连词，主语，动词，就这样，完整的从句。
Now, one last thing I want to mention: remember I said a noun clause can be a subject, it can be an object,
我还想讲最后一点：还记得我说过名词性从句可以作主语，也可以作宾语吧，
so you can have a sentence that the subject is a noun clause and the object is a noun clause.
所以一个句子可以用名词性从句作主语，同时又用一个名词性从句作宾语。
So it looks very complicated, but it's not."That she might be right", this is your noun clause subject, "is" is your main verb, "what frightens me."
虽然看上去很复杂，但其实不是的。“她可能是对的”，这是名词性从句作主语，"is" 是主动词，“令我觉得害怕”。
Noun clause again as subject complement."Her being right scares me." is another way to say it.
又用了一个名词性从句作为主语补语。另一种表达方式是：“她是对的这件事令我害怕”。
But some people like to have very fancy, very long sentences.
但是有些人喜欢用非常华丽、特别长的句子。
And again, why would I write: "That she might be right is what frightens me." and not if..."It's scary that she might be right.", like, with this kind of sentence?
我为什么写的是“她可能是对的令我觉得害怕。”，而不是“太吓人了，她可能是对的。”，为什么不用这种句子呢？
Both are okay.This one will be more emphatic.
两种都是可以的。这一个语气更强烈。
People will listen to this sentence or read this sentence with more attention, because it's long, because you started a sentence with "That" which is not very common.
人们听或读这个句子的时候会更加注意，因为它很长，因为用了 "that" 作为句子的开头，这不是很常见。
So you're forcing something, you're forcing the reader, if it's written, to take attention, to give attention.
如果是写下来的，你就是在强迫读者专心看。
Not very commonly used in spoken English, but it is sometimes.In written English, much more common.
这种句子在英语口语中不是很常用，但有时候会用。在英语的书面语中就常见多了。
Last sentence: "How you go about doing your work should not affect when you get it done."
最后一个句子：“你选择如何完成你的工作不应该影响你完成它的时间。”
"How you go about doing your work", so how you work...your..."...should not affect", this is your main verb, "...when you get it done."
"How you go about doing your work"，也就是你的工作方式，"should not affect"，这是主动词，最后是 "when you get it done"。
I don't care how you do your work, that's not important.How you do it is how you do it.When you finish is more important to me.
我不管你怎么工作，那不重要。你愿意怎么做就怎么做。你什么时候能做完对我来说更重要。
And how you do it should have no bearing, should have no affect on when you finish it, if you finish it at the deadline.
你的工作方式不应该对完成时间有任何影响，要在最后期限之前完成。
But again, we're not too worried about the meaning right now, we're worried about the structure.
但还是一样，我们现在在意的不是句子的意思，而是句子的结构。
Noun clause subject, main verb, noun clause object, complete sentence.
名词性从句充当的主语，主动词，名词性从句充当的宾语，完整的句子。
The whole thing is technically an independent clause, but again, it's considered a complex sentence because it uses both simp...both, sorry, independent and dependent clauses to build it.
严格来说，这整个部分是一个独立分句，但是它被认为是一个复杂句，因为它使用了独立和从属的分句来构成句子。
Now, I've given you a lot of information today, I know it might be a little bit confusing.Make sure that you have a bit of background.
我今天跟你讲了很多信息，我知道这可能有点令人困惑。请确保自己掌握一点背景知识。
There's a good lesson I did on the sentence types: simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, so four sentence types.
我做过一节很不错的课，是关于句子类型的，有简单句、复合句、复杂句、复杂复合句，总共有四种句子类型。
You should review that video, it will help a little bit with this as well.And this might also help you understand that lesson.
你应该回顾一下那个视频，那对这节课也会有一点帮助。这节课可能也会帮助你理解那一节课。
I also did an introduction lesson to dependent clauses.If you want, you can review that.This gets a little bit more detail.
我还做过一节入门课，是关于从属分句的。如果愿意的话，可以回顾一下那个视频。这个稍微更详细一点。
Of course, I will also make videos about the adjective clause and the adverb clause.They will come later, you will see those.
当然了，我还会做关于定语从句和状语从句的视频。那些晚一点会发布出来，你会看到的。
And there's also going to be a lesson about the...or there is a lesson about the independent clause, where I explain all the pieces in a little bit more detail.
还会有一节课关于......或者已经有了一节关于独立分句的课，我在里面更详细地解释了所有的内容。
This is advanced grammar, but if you're going to be writing, you need to know this stuff.
这是高级语法，但是如果你要写作的话，就需要了解这些内容。
And if you have some problems reading, especially if you're taking a test, IELTS, TOEFL, CAE,
还有如果你在阅读方面遇到了一些困难，尤其是要参加雅思、托福、CAE 等考试的人，
whatever test you're taking, if you're having problems with some of the readings, knowing how to identify clauses will help you a lot in understanding what is written there. Okay?
如果你在阅读方面有问题，知道如何辨认从句对你理解文章内容有很大的帮助，知道了吗？
So, I hope this is all clear, I hope you like this lesson.Please subscribe to my YouTube channel if you did.
希望你理解了这些内容，希望你喜欢这节课。喜欢的话请订阅我的 YouTube 频道。
If you have any questions about this, please go to www. engvid. com.
如果有问题，请登陆 www. engvid. com。
There's a forum there, you can ask your questions, I'll be happy to answer them.
那里有个论坛，你可以问问题，我很乐意回答你的问题。
There's also a quiz there that you can practice, and get some more examples of noun clauses, and make sure you understand them.
那里还有一个小测验，你可以练习一下，看看更多关于名词性从句的例句，确保自己能理解这些内容。
And of course, come back, get a lot more great lessons at engVid, and see you again soon.Bye-bye.
还有，当然了，记得回 engVid 看更多很棒的课程，下次见。拜拜。