Hi. Welcome back to EngVid. com, I'm Adam, in today's lesson, we're going to look at writing skills.
嗨，欢迎回到EngVid. com，我是Adam，在今天的课程中，我们要来看看写作技巧。
More specifically, we're going to look at transitions.
更确切地说，我们要来讲过渡。
Now, again, before I begin, let me tell you IELTS and TOEFL students out there, transitions are very, very important for you, for the essay section of the test.
在开始之前，我想对雅思和托福学生说，过渡在考试的写作部分对你们来说是非常非常重要的。
Okay? Big points if you use them correctly, few points if you don't use them, or use them incorrectly.
知道了吗？如果使用正确会得到高分，不用或使用不当分数就会降低。
Anyway, let's get into what transitions are, and look at a few specific ones.
不管怎样，我们来讲讲过渡是什么，看几个具体的过渡词吧。
What is a transition? A transition means a change from one idea to another idea.
什么是过渡？过渡的意思是从一个想法转变到另一个想法。
Now, there are many transitions in English, we use transitions to add information, we use transitions to show a contrast; "although", "however", etc.
英语中有很多过渡，我们用过渡来增添信息，用"although"，"however"等过渡来表示对比。

We use transitions to show conditions; "if", "unless".We use transitions to get to a conclusion; "therefore", "thus".
我们用"if"，"unless"等过渡来表示条件。我们用"therefore"，"thus"等过渡来做结论。
Okay? Lots of transitions, very important, because they can join ideas within a sentence.
看到了吗？有很多过渡，这些非常重要，因为它们能在句子中把想法连接起来。
But even more so, they can join two paragraphs.So what they do really, is they create flow, flow is very important for writing, okay?
但是甚至更为厉害的是，它们能把两个段落连接起来。它们真正的作用是，它们带来了流畅感，流畅对写作来说非常重要，对吧？
Flow makes it easier for the reader to follow what you're saying, and it makes it a little bit more interesting, as well.
文章流畅让读者更容易理解你表达的内容，也让你的写作更有趣了一些。
Okay? So to "transition" basically means to bridge, you have two ideas, you're connecting, you're creating a bridge from one idea to the next.
所以“过渡”基本上就是“连接”，你有两个想法，要把它们连接起来，要在一个想法和另一个想法之间架起一座桥梁。
Okay. So today, we're going to look specifically at "in addition", "in addition to", "furthermore", "moreover", and "another " something, okay?
好了。所以今天我们要具体来讲一讲"in addition", "in addition to", "furthermore", "moreover"和"another "之类的词。
These are very, very important transitions, because they help you add ideas, one idea to another.
这些都是非常非常重要的过渡词，因为它们能帮你增加想法，帮你连接两个想法。
Again, very, very important for TOEFL and IELTS, because you're always going to be adding ideas to one topic, I'll get to that in a minute.
再说一遍，这在托福和雅思中非常非常重要，因为你们总是要给一个话题增添想法，我马上就会讲到。
The most important thing to remember here, and where people I find make the most common mistakes... believe me, I have marked hundreds of essays for TOEFL and IELTS.
这里要记住的最重要的事情，也是我发现人们最常出错的地方......相信我，我已经批改过了成百上千份托福和雅思的作文。
Very, very common mistake, what people forget, this basically means "plus"; you're adding, you're adding two things.
特别特别常见的错误，人们经常忘记这基本上就是"plus"（增加）的意思，你要补充，要补充两点。
And you're always adding at least one idea to another idea, so you will always have two ideas if you're using these transitions.
而且一般要在一个想法的基础上补充至少一点，也就是说如果你要用这些过渡词的话，你一般要有两点。
Okay? So one of the most common mistakes I have seen on these essays is that people use these words, but they only have one idea.
知道了吗？我在这些作文中最常见到的错误之一就是人们会用这些词，但是他们只写了一个想法。
So I'm the reader, and I'm reading, reading, reading, and I see, "Furthermore..." What?
假设我是读者，我在读啊读啊读，然后看到"Furthermore（此外，而且）..."，然后呢？
Furthermore what? What are you adding to? What are you adding at all?
"Furthermore"什么？你要补充什么内容？你究竟要补充什么？
And then I look around, and I only see one idea.
然后我四处看了看，可是只看到了一个想法。
If I am the IELTS grader, and I'm reading your essay, you just lost at least one band because of that.
如果我是雅思考试的评卷人，我在看你的作文，那你就已经丢了至少一分了，仅仅就因为这样。
Why? Because you made me stop, you made me search for that second idea that is not there.
为什么？因为你让我停下来了，你逼着我寻找那个根本不存在的第二个想法。
Okay? Be very careful about that.If you're going to use these words, there must be two ideas.
知道了吧？这一点要多加注意。如果你要用这些词，就必须要有两个想法。
They must be linked, they must have something similar between them, and they must be pretty close to each other.
它们必须有所关联，它们之间必须存在相似之处，必须彼此非常相近。
Okay? "In addition to", "furthermore", and "moreover"; these are all pretty much the same.
"In addition to", "furthermore"和"moreover"，这些基本上都是一个意思，都是“此外，而且”的意思。
This one is probably the most formal, this one is next most, and this is the most common.
这一个可能是最正式的，这个是第二正式的，而这个是最常用的。
Now, if you're going to write a short essay, usually two of these will be enough.
如果你要写一篇小作文，通常用这里面的两个词就足够了。
Why do you need to know how to use two? Because you don't want to repeat.
为什么需要知道如何使用两个过渡词？因为要避免重复。
You don't want to say "in addition", and give your idea, "in addition", give another idea, "in addition", give another idea.
不能写"In addition to"，给出一个想法，然后又用"In addition to"引导另一个想法，又用"In addition to"，给出另一个想法。
You don't want to do that, you want vocabulary variety, so use at least two.
不要这么做，要保持词汇多样化，所以用至少两个不同的过渡词。
For a longer essay, you can use all three, or four as the case may be.
如果要写一篇大作文，你们可以把这三个都用上，或者酌情用四个。
Okay, now, what's interesting about these, you can use all of these mid sentence or to join paragraphs.
这些词有意思就有意思在你可以把它们都用在句子里，也可以用来连接段落。
Okay? Very important that you use them correctly though.So let's look at some examples on how to use these.
知道了吗？不过一定要正确使用它们。我们来看一些使用这些词的例子吧。
Okay, so first we're going to look at a sentence with the transition working inside it, okay?
好了，首先我们要来看一个其中有过渡词的句子。
"His laziness caused the company to perform badly last quarter.Moreover, his attitude toward the board has put his job in jeopardy."
"His laziness caused the company to perform badly last quarter.（他的懒惰导致公司上个季度业绩不佳。）Moreover, his attitude toward the board has put his job in jeopardy."（而且，他对董事会的态度令他的工作危在旦夕。）
Okay. So first, let's look at what's going on here, what are we talking about.We're talking about the person's laziness.
首先，我们来看看句子的内容，看看讲了什么。我们在讲的是这个人的懒惰。
What are we adding to this? Remember, here I put "moreover", I could put "furthermore", I can also put "in addition", but all three would be okay.
我们对此补充了什么？记住，我在这里用的是"moreover"，但也可以用"furthermore"，也可以用"in addition"，这三个都行。
So we're talking about his laziness, what are we adding to it?
我们讲的是他的懒惰，对此补充了什么呢？
Look at the second sentence, what are the two things we are adding together to get the two whole ideas?
看一下第二句，我们加在一起得出两个大想法的两点内容是什么？
Okay. If you said attitude, you're correct, laziness and attitude, these are both qualities of this person.
如果你说的是态度，那你就说对了，懒惰和态度，这些都是这个人的品质。
So his laziness and his attitude caused the company to do badly, and put his job in jeopardy.
所以他的懒惰和态度导致公司表现不佳，并且令他的工作危在旦夕。
I could rearrange these two sentences into one, but I don't want to, I want to have this idea, because this is adding to this.
我可以把这两个句子重新整合成一句，但是我不想这么做，我想保留这个想法，因为这一点在补充这一点。
So I have one idea, I have another idea, but they're very much connected.
我有一个想法，我有另一个想法，但是它们联系得很紧密。
Okay? So we used a word like "moreover", "furthermore", "in addition".Okay? All of these are about the same topic.
所以我们就用了像"moreover", "furthermore", "in addition"这样的过渡词。这些全都是关于同一个话题的。
Now, when we talk about an essay, when we're joining paragraph to paragraph, you have to be very careful.
我们讲到作文的时候，连接段落的时候，必须非常小心。
The last idea has to join to the first idea of the next paragraph using one of these transition words.Okay? Let's look at that now.
要用这些过渡词中的一个将这一段的最后一点连接上下一段的第一点。知道了吗？我们现在就来看看。
Okay, so now let's look at an essay and you're joining two paragraphs, for example.
现在我们来看一篇作文，而你们要把两个段落连接起来。
My topic here is...general topic here is the internet.
我的话题是......大话题是网络。
And what I want to say is that the internet is a good thing, very, very generally.
我想表达的是网络是个好东西，从非常非常广泛的角度来说。
I'm going to use two reasons, I'm going to talk about two reasons, and I'm going to use basically one example.
我要用两个原因，我要讲两个原因，我主要会用一个例子。
So the reason it's good is because it helps connect families and friends.
网络是个好东西的原因是因为它将家人和朋友连结在了一起。
This was my paragraph before, and this is the last sentence of my paragraph, my body paragraph.
这是我的前一段，下面是我这正文段的最后一句。
"So"--conclusion-- "the internet not only helps connect your friends and family anywhere in the world, it also makes it cheap to do so."
结论："So the internet not only helps connect your friends and family anywhere in the world, it also makes it cheap to do so."（网络不仅随时随地将家人和朋友连结在了一起，还使得这种做法非常便宜。）
Okay? So that's one good thing about the internet: communication, networking, social media, etc, facebook, all that.
那是网络的一个好处：通讯，沟通、社交媒体等等，通过脸书之类的软件。
Now, I want to go to my next paragraph, and I want to add to this idea, the idea of connection, okay, the idea of communication, as why the internet is a good thing.
现在我要写下面一段，我想对联系，通讯这个想法作补充，讲讲为什么网络是个好东西。
So,"In addition to friends and family...", or "Moreover or Furthermore,
所以我要写："In addition to friends and family/Moreover/ Furthermore,
the internet...sorry, provides companies with a larger network, or a larger pool of prospective employees."
the internet provides companies with a larger network, or a larger pool of prospective employees."（此外，网络为企业提供了更大的工作关系网，或者更多的未来员工。）
Right? So I'm still talking about the same thing, connections, networks, but I went from personal idea to business idea,
对吧？我讲的还是同一件事，还是联系、沟通，但是我从个人的角度转到了企业的角度，
but still within the topic of the internet, still for the reason of communication and networking.
但还是在网络这个话题之内，讲的还是通讯和沟通方面的原因。
I went with one idea, and the other idea working together for the overall idea.
我从一个想法转到了另一个想法，用它们共同提出了总体的想法。
Okay? I hope this makes sense to you, because it's a little bit complicated.
希望你们听懂了，因为这有点复杂。
Any topic you take, any essay you write, where you're using one example, or two reasons with one example,
无论话题是什么，写的是什么作文，只要你们要用例子，要用两个理由来佐证一个例子，
to work together, to support an opinion about a general topic, you can use these: "In addition to", "moreover, "furthermore".
要用它们一起来支持关于大话题的一个观点，你们都可以用"In addition to", "moreover, "furthermore"。
But, if you're...let's say you're taking the IELTS, the TOEFL tests, you're writing your essay.
但是，如果你们......假设你们要参加雅思、托福考试，你们要写作文。
You're running out of time, you're not thinking properly, you're a little bit frazzled, you need a transition word, always use "another".
你们时间不够了，没有办法好好思考，有点疲惫，在这种情况下如果你们需要一个过渡词，请用"another"。
For example, "Another reason the internet is good, is because it provides companies...".Okay? This is your go-to transition.
比如，"Another reason the internet is good, is because it provides companies..."（网络很好的另一个原因是因为它为企业提供了......）。看到了吧？这是你们救急用的过渡词。
When you're stuck, you have nothing else, you want to switch to the next idea, always use "another reason",
当你们不知怎么写，没有其他词可用了，又要转向另一个想法时，一般都可以用"another reason"，
but remember, this is not your first choice, this is your last choice.
但是记住，这不是你们的第一选择，只是下策。
These are your first choice when you want to add an idea, okay?
这些才是你们要补充想法时的第一选择。
But, always good to have this in your back pocket, in case you get stuck, you pull it out, ace of spades, etc. , you're a winner, right?
但是有这个备用总是好的，以防你们不知道该写什么，这时候就可以亮出这张王牌了，你们就成赢家了，是吧？
Okay, lots of examples on www. engvid. com, on the quiz, go check it out.Also, don't forget to subscribe to my channel on YouTube.
好了，www. engvid. com有很多例句，在小测验里，可以去看看。还有，别忘了订阅我的YouTube频道。
And I will see you again soon for more lessons. Thanks.
在其他课程里我们很快还会再见的。谢谢。