INTRO: A local official here in Washington, DC, resigned recently over his use of a word. He eventually was reinstated to a job with the city government. But as VOA Wordmasters Avi Arditti and Rosanne Skirble report, the incident started a nationwide debate over the bounds of racial sensitivity in a country that is thirteen percent African American.

AA: The word was "niggardly." It comes from Old Norse and means miserly or stingy. David Howard, a newly appointed white official in a majority black city, used that word while discussing his budget. He was telling two aides that funds were tight.

RS: One of the aides was white, the other black. When the African American staffer heard that word — niggardly — he stormed out of the office. David Howard recalls what happened next:

TAPE: CUT ONE — DAVID HOWARD

"Rumors spiraled out of that, out of the use of the word, that I had actually used the N-word, and because of those rumors I felt that the trust that people would have in me was compromised."

RS: "The N-word" is the term many people now use to avoid offense when referring to one of the most volatile words in America:

TAPE: CUT TWO — JOHN BAUGH

"There is no hotter button that all African Americans agree upon than the word 'nigger.' It is the most highly offensive thing that anyone can say to us."

AA: John Baugh is a linguist and professor of education at stanford university in California.

TAPE: CUT THREE — JOHN BAUGH (:36)

"This is so highly charged in the African American community that one does not talk about it without substantial emotion. And you can refer to the dictionary and its literal sense and Make a case for why one should be able to do that, and in fact on our college campuses a few years ago the question came up as to whether or not students couldn't in fact use racial insults because our institutions of higher learning are places where language of all kinds should be tolerated. But for those of us that care about our fellow citizens, I would suggest that we refrain from anything that might even ambiguously be interpreted along those lines."

RS: But, in David Howard's case, not everyone agreed.

AA: In editorial comments around the country, some people said it was wrong to censor language just because of the way certain words sound or may be misinterpreted.

RS: But Mr. Howard — who has since returned to the mayor's office — says he learned a lesson:

TAPE: CUT FOUR — DAVID HOWARD

"I think that a lot of good can come out of this, and I think that one of the good things is that it sparked a discussion about racial perceptions. And, I think that is really going to help all of us understand each other better. You know, we need to value our perceptions and our differences."

AA: At Stanford University, John Baugh studies those perceptions and differences. In addition to the David Howard case, we talked with him about racism. He told us about recent experiments he's done which showed that not just language but even accents can influence how people treat each other.

RS: Professor Baugh did the experiments with his students to study housing discrimination. The goal was to see if landlords would react differently, depending on the way someone calling to arrange housing sounded on the telephone:

TAPE: CUT FIVE — JOHN BAUGH

"We've used a combination of Zip codes and telephone prefixes to target neighborhoods of different socio-economic incomes. I typically call with one of the minority glosses [accents], and I may be denied an appointment. Later I will call back with my professional voice, using the same grammar, and what we've seen is predictable: the non-standard dialects get a lot more rejections than does standard English. We've done the experiments in all neighborhoods as part of a random survey. And what's interesting is when you get the incredulity on the part of the low-income landlord who hears the standard English voice and asks, 'Are you sure you know what neighborhood we are?'"

AA: John Baugh of Stanford University has just written two new books on African Americans and language.

RS: Just a quick reminder, we're still accepting entries for our Wordmaster Name the Next Decade Contest. People are calling next year "y2k" — but what about the next ten years? Our deadline is March 2.

AA: Everyone with a suggestion wins a prize, but the better the entry, the better the prize.

RS: With Avi Arditti, I'm Rosanne Skirble.

词汇点津：

今天的《词汇大师》探讨了美国黑人语言中最不受欢迎的词汇，如：

niggardly小气的，小气地（miserly or stingy），源自Old Norse古斯堪的那维亚语。

但这还不是最不受欢迎的词汇，nigger是在美国英语中相当敏感的词汇，中文译为黑鬼，很明显这个词汇带上了种族歧视的色彩，一定要避免使用。

虽然这些词汇带有侮辱性，但我们的老朋友David Howard却认为这些词汇的存在也是有好处的，它们激励人们正视种族问题的存在，并鼓励黑人和白人尝试着去了解对方。

而最新研究发现，不仅仅是语言词汇会影响人们对彼此的看法，就连口音也对人们的认知起到了关键作用。Baugh教授就做了这样一个实验，他发现当他分别用家乡口音和标准的发音和房东对话后，房东对他的态度有明显的改变。