voluntary volunteer will=vil=vol 情感；意志

volition [vəu'liʃən] vol+i+tion
(formal) the power to choose sth freely or to make your own decisions:
n. 意志，意志力；决断力

例句
She offered to help us of her own volition.
她自愿提出要帮助我们。

volitive ['vɔlitiv] vol+i+tive
of or relating to the will
expressing a wish or permission
adj.意志的，意向的；意志所产生的

involuntary [in'vɔləntəri] voluntary 故意的
not done by choice; done unwillingly, or without the decision or intention of the person involved
adj.非自愿的；非出自本意的；不随意的; 无意识的；自然而然的；不知不觉的;本能的

例句
He gave an involuntary smile.
他勉强笑了笑。
Sneezing is involuntary.
打喷嚏是不由自主的。

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选
Laughter could be viewed as a form of involuntary noisemaking and it's contagious.
我们可以把笑声视为不由自主地发出的声音,然后笑声有感染性。

malevolent [mə'levələnt] malfunction male=mal
having or showing a desire to harm other people
adj. 恶毒的；有恶意的；坏心肠的

例句
Unfortunately there are some malevolent people out there and it is best not to take undue risks.
不幸的是在外面的世界里有一些恶毒的人，最好不要过分去冒险招惹他们。

benevolent[bi'nevələnt] bene好
(formal) (especially of people in authority) kind, helpful and generous
used in the names of some organizations that give help and money to people in need:
adj. 仁慈的；慈善的；亲切的

例句
The old woman had a benevolent feeling towards all cats.
那个老太太对所有的猫都怀有仁慈之心。
The club received a benevolent donation.
该俱乐部接受了一笔慈善捐款。

ridge rise+edge

ridge [ridʒ]
a long narrow raised part of a surface, especially a high edge along a mountain:
the part of a roof where the sloping sides join at the top
n. 山脊；山脉；屋脊
vt. 使成脊状；作垄
vi. 成脊状

例句
We drove up a hillside and finally stopped on a high ridge.
我们沿着山腰往上开,最后停在一个高高的山脊上。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选
Up a trackless slope climbs the master artist, and at the top, on a windy ridge, whom do you think he meets?

伟大的艺术家在那无路可寻的山峰上攀登，他登上山顶，迎风而立，你们猜他遇到了谁？