Since the early 1970’s, historians have begun to

devote serious attention to the working class in the

United States. Yet while we now have studies of

working-class communities and culture, we know

(5) remarkably little of worklessness. When historians have

paid any attention at all to unemployment, they have

focused on the Great Depression of the 1930’s. The

narrowness of this perspective ignores the pervasive

recessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as

(10)Alexander Keyssar shows in his recent book.Examining

the period 1870-1920, Keyssar concentrates on Massa-

chusetts, where the historical materials are particularly

rich, and the findings applicable to other industrial

areas.

(15 )The unemployment rates that Keyssar calculates

appear to be relatively modest, at least by Great Depres-

sion standards: during the worst years, in the 1870’s

and 1890’s, unemployment was around 15 percent. Yet

Keyssar rightly understands that a better way to

(20) measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate

unemployment frequencies—measuring the percentage

of workers who experience any unemployment in the

course of a year. Given this perspective, joblessness

looms much larger.

(25) Keyssar also scrutinizes unemployment patterns

according to skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and

gender. He finds that rates of joblessness differed

primarily according to class: those in middle-class and

white-collar occupations were far less likely to be unem-

(30)ployed. Yet the impact of unemployment on a specific

class was not always the same. Even when dependent on

the same trade, adjoining communities could have

dramatically different unemployment rates. Keyssar uses

these differential rates to help explain a phenomenon

(35)that has puzzled historians—the startlingly high rate of

geographical mobility in the nineteenth-century United

States. But mobility was not the dominant working-class

strategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assis-

tance from private charities or state agencies. Self-help

(40) and the help of kin got most workers through jobless

spells.

While Keyssar might have spent more time develop-

ing the implications of his findings on joblessness for

contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough

(45) research and creative use of quantitative and qualitative

evidence, is a model of historical analysis.

1. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) recommending a new course of investigation

(B) summarizing and assessing a study

(C) making distinctions among categories

(D) criticizing the current state of a field

(E) comparing and contrasting two methods for calculating data

2. The passage suggests that before the early 1970’s, which of the following was true of the study by historians of the working class in the United States?

(A) The study was infrequent or superficial, or both.

(B) The study was repeatedly criticized for its allegedly narrow focus.

(C) The study relied more on qualitative than quantitative evidence.

(D) The study focused more on the working-class community than on working-class culture.

(E) The study ignored working-class joblessness during the Great Depression.

3. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Keyssar’s findings concerning unemployment in Massachusetts?

(A) They tend to contradict earlier findings about such unemployment.

(B) They are possible because Massachusetts has the most easily accessible historical records.

(C) They are the first to mention the existence of high rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth century.

(D) They are relevant to a historical understanding of the nature of unemployment in other states.

(E) They have caused historians to reconsider the role of the working class during the Great Depression.

4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15

(A) They hovered, on average, around 15 percent during the period 1870-1920.

(B) They give less than a full sense of the impact of unemployment on working-class people.

(C) They overestimate the importance of middle class and white-collar unemployment.

(D) They have been considered by many historians to underestimate the extent of working-class unemployment.

(E) They are more open to question when calculated for years other than those of peak recession.

5. Which of the following statements about the unemployment rate during the Great Depression can be inferred from the passage?

(A) It was sometimes higher than 15 percent.

(B) It has been analyzed seriously only since the early 1970’s.

(C) It can be calculated more easily than can unemployment frequency.

(D) It was never as high as the rate during the 1870’s.

(E) It has been shown by Keyssar to be lower than previously thought.

6. According to the passage, Keyssar considers which of the following to be among the important predictors of the likelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in late nineteenth-century Massachusetts?

Ⅰ. The person’s class

Ⅱ. Where the person lived or worked

Ⅲ. The person’s age

(A) Ⅰonly

(B) Ⅱonly

(C) Ⅰand Ⅱ only

(D) Ⅰand Ⅲ only

(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ

7. The author views Keyssar’s study with

(A) impatient disapproval

(B) wary concern

(C) polite skepticism

(D) scrupulous neutrality

(E) qualified admiration

8. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support Keyssar’s findings as they are described by the author?

(A) Boston, Massachusetts, and Quincy, Massachusetts, adjoining communities, had a higher rate of unemployment for working-class people in 1870 than in 1890.

(B) White-collar professionals such as attorneys had as much trouble as day laborers in maintaining a steady level of employment throughout the period 1870-1920.

(C) Working-class women living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, were more likely than working-class men living in Cambridge to be unemployed for some period of time during the year 1873.

(D) In the 1890’s, shoe-factory workers moved away in large numbers from Chelmsford, Massachusetts, where shoe factories were being replaced by other industries, to adjoining West Chelmsford, where the shoe industry flourished.

(E) In the late nineteenth century, workers of all classes in Massachusetts were more likely than workers of all classes in other states to move their place of residence from one location to another within the state.

Correct Answers：BADBACED