Qing Dynasty
清朝
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
清朝的衰落
Mass civil disorder had also begun and continuously grown.
大规模的国内混乱产生并不断升级。
Cixi and the Guangxu emperor both died in 1908, leaving a relatively powerless and unstable central authority.
慈禧太后和光绪皇帝均于1908年去世，留下了一个相对来说无能和不稳定的中央政权。
The Puyi, eldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, was appointed successor at age two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency.
醇亲王载沣的大儿子溥仪在两岁时被任命为皇位继承人，这使得载沣成为了摄政王。
This was followed by the dismissal of General Yuan Shikai from his former positions of power.
这件事发生在大将军袁世凯从其之前的官位上被解雇以后。
In mid 1911 Zaifeng created the “ Imperial Family Cabinet”, a ruling council of the Imperial Government almost entirely consisting of Aisin Gioro relatives.
1911年中期，载沣创建了“皇族内阁”，这是帝国政府的一个统治机构，里面的官员几乎全部都是爱新觉罗家族的人。
This brought a wide range of negative opinion from senior officials like Zhang Zhidong.
这导致了很多高级官员的不满，比如张之洞。
The Wuchang Uprising succeeded on October 10th, 1911, and was followed by a proclamation of a separate central government, the Republic of China, in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head.
武昌起义于1911年10月10日成功，接着一个独立的中央政府——中华民国成立了，它定都南京，孙中山为临时大总统。
Numerous provinces began “separating” from Qing control.
一大批省区开始从清朝的通知中分离开来。

Seeing a desperate situation unfold, the Qing government brought an unwilling Yuan Shikai back to military power, taking control of his Beiyang Army, with the initial goal of crushing the revolutionaries.
看见这个令人绝望的局面，清朝政府勉强将军权还给了袁世凯，他掌管了北洋军队，企图镇压革命。
After taking the position of Prime Minister (内阁总理大臣）and creating his own cabinet, Yuan went as far as to ask for the removal of Zaifeng from the regency.
在当上内阁总理大臣并创立了自己的内阁之后，袁世凯命令载沣辞去摄政王的职位。
This removal later proceeded with directions from Empress Dowager Longyu.
这场免职之后由皇太后隆裕领导。
With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics.
载沣被免职后，袁世凯和他的北洋军阀们有效地控制了清朝的政治。
He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing Government had a goal for constitutional monarchy.
他解释说参战是不理智且耗费钱的，尤其是在清政府准备实行君主立宪制的时候。
Similarly, Sun Yat-sen’s government wanted Republican consititutional reform, both aiming for the benefit of China’s economy and populace.
同样的，孙中山的政府也希望进行共和宪制的改革，渴望改革为中国的经济和人民带来好处。
With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic.
经过太后隆裕的批准，袁世凯开始和孙中山孙中山谈判，袁世凯决定他的目的在于成立一个共和国，因此他可以同意孙中山担任共和国的大总统。