Tang Dynasty
唐朝
An Shi Rebellion
安史之乱
The An Shi Rebellion (安史之乱）occurred in China, during the Tang Dynasty， from 756 to 763.
安史之乱于唐朝时期发生，自756年持续到763年。
It is also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (天宝之乱） , because An Lushan started it in the 14th year of the namesake era.
它还被称为“天宝之乱”，因为安禄山在天宝14年开始叛乱。
The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglected the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan and later leader of the rebellion after murdering An Lushan's son An Qingxu.
安史之乱的另一个名称忽视了安禄山的下属史思明的参与，史思明在杀害了安禄山的儿子安庆旭后成为了叛军首领。
An Lushan was a general of non-Han Chinese ancestry.
安禄山曾是一个具有外族血统的将领。
He was appointed by the emperor Tang Xuanzhong to be commander (节度使）of three garrisons in the north, Pinglu, Fanyang and Hedong, in effect giving An Lushan control over the entire area north of the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
他被唐玄宗任命为北部三个要塞地区——平卢、范阳和河东的节度使，这使得他控制了整个黄河下游北部的区域。
With such power and land in his control (the total military power of An Lushan in those three garrisons alone was about 164 thousand strong),
通过自己掌控的权力和区域（安禄山在这三个地区的全部军事力量约有164000人），
An Lushan planned a revolt, taking advantage of the decadent Tang bureaucracy and the absence of strong troops around the palace to achieve his aims.
安禄山策划了一场反叛，借助唐朝官僚机构的颓败与王宫周围强大军队的缺席达成了自己的目的。
He avoided suspicion by pleasing the Emperor in as many ways as possible,
他尽可能的通过不同的方法来取悦皇帝以打消皇帝的怀疑，
even calling himself the adopted son of Xuanzhong's favorite concubine, Yang Guifei.
甚至称自己是皇帝最宠爱的妃子——杨贵妃的侄儿。
In this way, he was protected from criticism, even when the Chief Minister, Yang Guozhong, demanded his dismissal.
运用这种方式，甚至当宰相杨国忠提出罢免他的职位的时候，安禄山都可以不用遭受指责。
In 755, An Lushan revolted under the pretense of punishing Yang Guozhong.
755年，安禄山假借讨伐杨国忠之名叛乱。
His army surged down from fanyang in modern Hebei province, moving rapidly along the Grand Canal and capturing the city of Luoyang within the year.
他的军队从范阳（今河北）攻下，在一年内迅速地沿着大运河夺取了洛阳城。
There, An Lushan declared himself the Emperor of the Great Yan dynasty (大燕皇帝）.
在那里，安禄山自立为大燕皇帝。
He was blocked from the imperial capital at Chang'an by loyal troops placed in impregnable defensive positions in the intervening mountain passes.
他在帝都长安城遭到了驻于山口的要塞防御之地的皇家军队的抵挡。
However, Yang Guozhong, with grossly inept military judgement, ordered the troops in the passes to attack An's army on open ground.
然而，杨国忠却作出了愚蠢的军事判断，他命令位于要塞区域的军队在开阔的地方攻击安禄山的军队。
They were demolished, and the road to the capital lay open.
军队被击破，通往长安的路打开了。
Seeing that Chang'an was now under imminent threat, Xuanzong fled to Sichuan.
意识到长安城即将陷入威胁之中，玄宗逃往四川。
On the way at Mawei Inn in Shaanxi, Xuanzong’s bodyguard troops demanded the death of the much-hated Yang Guozhong, and his cousin, Lady Yang.
在陕西的马嵬坡，玄宗的贴身护卫们要求杀了遭人痛恨的杨国忠和他的侄女杨玉环。

With the army on the verge of mutiny, the Emperor had no choice but to agree,
面对着即将到来的叛军，玄宗别无选择，
ordering the execution of Yang Guozhong and the suicide of Lady Yang.
只得处死杨国忠并令杨玉环自缢。
Meanwhile, the crown prince, the eventual emperor, fled in the other direction to Lingwu in modern-day Ningxia province.
同时，太子也就是最终的皇帝，逃往另一个方向的灵武（位于今天的宁夏）。
After reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of his son.
到了四川之后，玄宗退位，传位给了他的儿子。
Suzong, (3rd or 4th) son of Xuanzong, was then proclaimed emperor,
肃宗（唐玄宗的三儿子或四儿子）之后便登基称帝，
although another group of local officials and Confucian literati proclaimed another prince at Jinling (modern-day Nanjing).
尽管此时另一群官员和士大夫在金陵（今南京）拥立了另有一位皇子为帝。
One of Suzong's first acts as emperor was to appoint the generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi to deal with the rebellion.
肃宗称帝后的第一道旨意就是命令将军郭子仪和李光弼处理叛乱。
The generals, after much discussion, decided to borrow troops from an offshoot of the Turkish Tujue Tribe, the Huihe tribe (ancestors of the modern-day Uighurs) to suppress the rebellion.
两位将军经过商议后，决定向土耳其的突厥部和回纥部（今维吾尔人的祖先）的支流借用军队来镇压反叛。
In this way the Imperial forces recaptured Chang’an and Luoyang.
通过这种方式，皇帝的军队重新占领了长安和洛阳。
Meanwhile the imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly-formed dynasty.
同时，朝廷的部队还受到了新立的大燕国内部不满声音的帮助。
An Lushan was killed by his son, An Qingxu not long after his ascent to the throne. (An's virulent paranoia posed too much of a threat to his entourage.)
安禄山登基后不久就被自己的儿子安庆旭杀死了（安禄山严重的偏执为他的随从构成了威胁），安庆旭后来被史思明杀死。
His son was then killed by the subordinate Shi Siming, a companion of An Lushan during the rebellion； he recaptured the city of Luoyang soon after.
然而，史思明又被自己的儿子史朝义所杀。
However Shi Siming was then kilted by his own son, Shi Chaoyi.
到了这个时候，一切都很明了，新的王朝不可能存在太长时间。
By this time, it was clear that the new kingdom would not last long, and generals and soldiers alike started to defect to the Tang army.
将军和士兵们开始向唐朝变节。
Finally after Luoyang was taken by the Tang forces for the second time, Shi Chaoyi committed suicide in 763, thus ending the 8—year long rebellion.
在唐朝第二次夺取了洛阳之后，史朝义于763年自杀，结束了为期八年的叛乱。
The rebellion spanned the reigns of three emperors, starting during the reign of Xuanzong and ending during the reign of Daizong.
安史之乱跨越了三位皇帝的执政期，它开始于玄宗时期，结束于代宗年间。
The toll of dead and missing caused by the rebellion according to various sources, including suppression and famine, is estimated at 36 million, which was 2/3 of the total tax roll population.
根据不同的来源，由叛乱导致的伤亡和失散人数，包括镇压和饥荒，大约有36000000人，占到了征税人口的三分之二。
Numerically, this was the highest death toll for any event for nearly 1200 years, until Worid War II surpassed it with over 62 million deaths.
从数字上来说，这是近1200年来死亡人数最多的事件，直到二战时期的死亡人数超过其达到了62000000人。
The Tang Dynasty's desire for peace after this turbulent period also resulted in the pardoning of many rebels.
唐朝在这个动乱的年代之后对于和平的渴望导致其对于很多反叛的赦免。
Indeed, some were even given their own garrisons to command.
事实上，有些人甚至培养了自己的守卫部队。
This effectively ended rule by the central government, with the emperor becoming only a puppet of sorts, set to do the strongest garrison’s bidding.
这在实际上使中央政府丧失了掌权，皇帝成为了某种意义上的傀儡，开始听从最强大的守卫部队的命令。
In addition, by borrowing troops from neighboring tribes, the Tang Dynasty greatly lowered its prestige in the eyes of the barbarians, who eventually began raiding Tang settlements again.
不仅如此，因为向邻国借用军队，唐朝在蛮族人眼中的威望下降了，这使得蛮人再次开始袭击唐朝的殖民地。
(So far had Tang power collapsed during the rebellion that Chang'an was briefly occupied by the Tibetan army in 764.)
（叛乱时期唐朝权力倾覆时，长安在764年几乎被藏人军队占领。）
Thus, the An-Shi Rebellion is regarded by most Chinese historians to be the turning point in the Tang Dynasty’s fortunes.
因此，安史之乱被大多是中国史学家认为是唐朝命运的一个转折点。
For the next 144 years the Tang ceased to exist in all but name, a far cry from the glory days under Taizong and Xuanzong.
在接下来的144年间唐朝其实已经不复存在，与太宗和玄宗时期的光辉相比有着天壤之别。