US companies risk losing out in the global export battle as a proliferation of Beijing-based development banks boosts Chinese rivals, a senior Obama administration official has warned.
奥巴马政府一位高级官员警告称，随着中国多家开发银行为中国企业提供支持，美国企业可能会在全球出口战争中吃亏。
Fred Hochberg, chairman of the US government’s Export-Import bank, said that it has extended $590bn in loans, guarantees and insurance over its 80-year history while Chinese institutions have provided an estimated $670bn in the past two years alone.
美国政府旗下的进出口银行(Export-Import bank)董事长弗雷德•霍赫贝格(Fred Hochberg)表示，该行在80年历史上发放了5900亿美元的贷款、担保和保险，而据估计中国的银行仅仅在过去两年就发放了6700亿美元的贷款。

“That’s a huge worry. I’ve been quite concerned about that,” Mr Hochberg told the Financial Times. “You can’t compete when it’s opaque financing and we have an American company competing against China Inc.”
“这非常令人担忧。我对此相当关切，”霍赫贝格告诉英国《金融时报》，“我们无法与不透明融资竞争，我们一家美国公司正与‘中国公司’(China Inc)竞争。”
Mr Hochberg’s comments play into his effort to fight off a threat to ExIm Bank’s future. Conservatives in Congress are trying to shut down the lender, which they see as an unnecessary arm of big government. ExIm argued that it would be foolish to cut US export financing as other countries expand their own.
霍赫贝格的言论有利于他抵御美国进出口银行所受威胁的努力。目前美国国会中的保守派正试图关闭该银行，他们认为该银行是大政府的一个不必要的部门。该银行辩称，在其他国家扩大自己的出口融资之际，取消美国的出口融资将是愚蠢的。
Mr Hochberg said that China was moving more aggressively than any other country to grab a share of the global export market. Beijing is seeking to boost its financial soft power by pushing for the creation of an Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and joining forces with Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa to found a Brics bank.
霍赫贝格表示，在抢夺全球出口市场份额方面，中国的表现要比其他任何国家都更加积极。中国正推动创建亚洲基础设施投资银行(Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)，并与巴西、俄罗斯、印度和南非一道创建一家金砖银行，试图借此增强其金融软实力。
The moves by Beijing, which has three export financing institutions, are seen as an attempt to challenge the postwar economic order built around the IMF and the World Bank. Global competition between state banks is intensifying as governments seek to give their countries’ business an upper hand in bidding for large or high-risk overseas contracts, such as power plants and oil rigs, which commercial banks are reluctant to finance.
中国的举措被视为试图挑战二战后以国际货币基金组织(IMF)和世界银行(World Bank)为中心的经济秩序。中国设有3家出口融资机构。全球而言，目前国有银行之间的竞争正在加剧，各国政府希望本国企业在争夺大额或高风险海外合约时占据上风，例如电厂和石油钻井平台，而商业银行不愿为这些项目融资。
ExIm’s clients today include Boeing, General Electric and Caterpillar, whose overseas customers can buy their products using its financing.
美国进出口银行的客户现在包括波音(Boeing)、通用电气(General Electric)和卡特彼勒(Caterpillar)，它们的海外客户可以利用该银行的融资购买它们的产品。
Economists said that state-backed financing for Chinese exporters had contributed only marginally to the expansion of China’s share of global exports over the past 20 years. The low costs of Chinese labour and other inputs have been more important.
经济学家们表示，过去20年期间，针对中国出口企业的政府支持的融资，仅为扩大中国在全球出口中的份额作出少量贡献。中国劳动力的低成本以及其他因素更为重要。
ExIm said it supported 1.2m US jobs between 2009-13, though it finances just 2 per cent of all US exports.
美国进出口银行表示，2009年至2013年，该银行支持了美国120万人的就业，不过仅有2%的美国出口是由该银行融资的。