When energy economists gaze into their crystal balls to see what the world will look like in 20 years’ time, some things are clearer than others.
当能源经济学家透过水晶球预言二十年后世界的景象时，有些情况要比其他方面更加清晰。
Clearest of all is that the global population will grow and with it the world economy. As countries get richer, their demand for energy will rise, placing ever new strains on the planet’s natural resources.
最明确的是，世界人口将会增加，世界经济也会随之增长。随着各国变得更加富有，他们对能源的需求也会增加，因而不断给地球自然资源带来新的压力。
A closer look at forecasts for energy demand, however, reveals some surprising conclusions.
然而，进一步观察对能源需求的预测，就会得出一些令人惊讶的结论。
Consider ExxonMobil’s annual energy outlook to 2040. The company says that total energy demand is growing: the world will need 35 per cent more energy in 2040 than it does now. That growth rate pales in comparison with that of the world economy as a whole: Exxon says global GDP will expand by 135 per cent over the same period. What is more, in the world’s advanced economies – Europe, North America and Japan – energy demand will not grow at all.
来看看埃克森美孚(ExxonMobil)到2040年的年度能源展望。该公司指出，总的能源需求在增加：2040年，世界能源需求量将比现在增加35%。与世界经济整体相比，这一增长率根本不算什么。埃克森指出，同一时期，全球GDP将会增长135%。此外，在欧洲、北美、日本等发达经济体，能源需求根本不会增长。
The reason for this is energy efficiency. “The greatest source of energy in the future will be using it more efficiently,” says Bill Colton, Exxon’s vice-president for corporate strategy, and one of the authors of the outlook. “Huge amounts of energy will be saved in this way.”
原因就是能源效率。埃克森美孚负责企业战略规划的副总裁比尔•科尔顿(Bill Colton)说：“未来最大的能源来源就是更加有效地利用能源。通过这种方式将节约大量的能源。”科尔顿也是能源展望的作者之一。
In the battle against climate change, renewables were long seen as the silver bullet. The argument was that replacing fossil fuels with wind and solar power would reduce carbon emissions and thereby slow or even stop global warming, as well as curb consuming countries’ huge dependence on expensive imported oil and gas. But in the debate about our energy future, the theme of energy efficiency – called the “invisible fuel” by some – is taking on a new prominence. Consumers are starting to understand that the energy they do not use can have almost as much impact as the energy they do.
在应对气候变化的过程中，可再生能源一直被认为是良方。理由就是用风能和太阳能代替化石燃料会降低碳排放，因而减缓甚至阻止全球变暖，并限制消费国对昂贵的进口石油和天然气的严重依赖。但在关于能源未来的争论中，能源效率的主题，也就是一些人所说“隐形燃料”，将更加突出。消费者开始了解，他们没有使用的能源几乎与使用的能源会产生同样的影响。
The result is a shift in thinking about everything from building design to street lighting. That means the future of energy is no longer the preserve of oil companies, wind farm developers and government officials, but of everyone from architects and appliance manufacturers to civil engineers and carmakers. Big energy savings have been achieved by seemingly minor technological changes such as moving from gas boilers for space heating to heat pumps.
结果就是从建筑设计到街道照明的理念都发生转变。这意味着能源的未来不再只是石油公司、风力发电站、政府官员的节约，还包括从建筑师、设备制造商、到土木工程师和汽车制造商。一个看似很小的技术变化就可以节约大量能源，比如空间加热的燃气锅炉到加热泵的转变。
The potential prize is enormous.
潜在的收益是很大的。
A recent report by the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research in Germany found that the EU’s energy requirements could end up being 57 per cent lower in 2050 than they were in 1990, offering the tantalising prospect of 500bn a year in energy savings.
德国弗劳恩霍夫协会系统与创新研究所(Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research)最近的一份报告显示，2050年欧盟(EU)的能源需求可能会比1990年还低57%，能源方面每年节约的资金可能高达5000亿欧元。
The institute says energy use in buildings could be cut by 71 per cent, mainly through better insulation, modern construction technology and energy efficient heating and hot water systems. In transportation, improvements in traffic management and better logistics could result in energy savings of 53 per cent, while more efficient steam generation and electric motors could help reduce industrial energy demand by 52 per cent.
该机构表示，建筑上使用的能源可能会降低71%，主要是通过更好的隔热、现代建筑技术、节能加热、热水系统实现的。在交通领域，交通管理和物流的改善大约能节约53%的能源，而更多的高效蒸发和电机可能会使得工业能源需求下降52%。
Cumulative spending on such measures is growing fast. The International Energy Agency (IEA) says that in 2011 $180bn was invested globally in projects aimed at improving energy efficiency. Yet that is a paltry sum compared to the money flowing into traditional energy production. The IEA says more than three times that amount – nearly $600bn – was invested the same year in expanding or maintaining the world’s supply of fossil fuels.
这些技术的累计支出正在快速增加。国际原子能机构(IEA)指出，2011年全球改善能源效率的项目投资为1800亿美元。但与传统能源生产投资相比，这只是一笔很小的数目。IEA表示，同一年，在扩大或者维持全球化石燃料供应上的投资将近6000亿美元，是这一数目的三倍多。
The problem is that there are still significant barriers. With assets such as buildings, the payback time for investing in an improvement in energy efficiency can be several years – often longer than the buyer plans to own the asset.
问题的关键在于，提高能源利用效率仍然面临巨大障碍。对于像楼房这样的资产而言，投资于改进能效的回报周期可能长达数年——常常比买方计划持有这一资产的时间还要久。
Also, it can be hard to measure success. The EU recently said it would not meet its target of saving 20 per cent of its primary energy consumption by 2020, partly because of the “lack of appropriate tools for monitoring progress and measuring impacts on the member state level”.
此外，节能投资的成效也难以衡量。欧盟表示，或无法实现在2020年以前将主要能源消耗量缩减20%的目标，部分原因在于“缺乏成员国层面的监控节能进展以及评估节能举措影响的合适工具”。
There is another potential danger – the so-called “rebound effect”. If you save money on electricity by installing a heat pump, for example, but spend what you save on air travel, the improvement in energy efficiency is meaningless. The EU has identified rebound losses of 10-30 per cent.
此外还有一个潜在风险——即所谓的“反弹效应”。例如，假设你通过安装热力泵在电费上省了一笔，但把省下来的钱花在了乘坐飞机旅行上， 那么这种能效提升将毫无意义。欧盟认为，反弹效应造成的能效损失在10%至30%之间。
Still, despite the potential dangers, companies involved in energy efficiency are becoming a new and attractive asset class for investors. Alastair Bishop, portfolio manager of BlackRock’s natural resources team, singles out companies such as Schneider Electric and Johnson Controls, specialists in building automation systems that monitor and control the heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting in an office block. Such companies install sensors that turn off lights in a room when it is empty or shut down heating overnight, steps that can contribute to big savings. “If you look at the larger energy story, before the financial crisis it was all about producing more energy,” Mr Bishop says. “But since the crisis, there’s been more awareness of the sustainability and affordability of power.”
虽然存在这些潜在风险，参与能效提升的企业现已成为对于投资者充满吸引力的一个新的资产类别。贝莱德(BlackRock)自然资源股团队投资组合经理阿拉斯泰尔•毕晓普(Alastair Bishop)将施耐德电气(Schneider Electric)、江森自控(Johnson Controls)等企业单列出来。这类企业擅长建造自动化系统，能够监控一栋办公大楼内的取暖、空气流通、空气调节以及照明。这类公司可以通过安装感应器在房间内空无一人时关闭照明，或者在夜间关闭暖气装置，此类举措能够节约大量能源。毕晓普表示：“如果你用一种广义的视角来看能源行业，那么在金融危机发生前，生产更多的能源是这一领域的主要目标。但自金融危机发生以来，人们对于能源可持续性以及可承受性的意识日趋增强。”
Nevertheless, he stresses that investments need government support to work. This is happening – on a large scale. In recent years, all the major energy-consuming countries have passed laws to encourage energy efficiency. The US has introduced new fuel-economy standards for vehicles; the EU has its target of reducing energy demand by 20 per cent by 2020; Japan wants to cut electricity demand by 10 per cent in 2030 compared to 2010; and China has a goal of cutting energy intensity by 16 per cent between 2011 and 2015.
他强调，在能效领域的投资需要政府支持才能真正发挥作用，而后者已经在较大的范围内开始推行。近年来，所有主要的能源消费国都通过了旨在促进提高能源利用率的法案。美国引入了针对汽车的燃料利用率新标准；欧盟的目标是在2020年以前将自身的能源需求规模缩减20%；日本希望在2030年实现电力需求较2010年下降10%；中国则定下了在2011至2015年间将单位产值能耗降低16%的目标。
“There’s a theme here,” says Exxon’s Mr Colton. “The improvement in efficiency that we’ve been seeing is mostly being driven by government policy. Consumers would not get there on their own.”
埃克森的科尔顿表示：“能效领域已经形成了一种主导模式。目前为止我们所见到的绝大部分能效提升都是在政府政策的推动下实现的。消费者不会自发要求提高能效。”
Some policies are highly specific. In 2010, the EU adopted a directive on the energy performance of buildings. It requires all new buildings to be “nearly zero energy” by 2021. On a national scale, too, governments are coming up with evermore innovative ways of encouraging energy savings. Under the UK’s Green Deal scheme, for example, consumers can take out a loan for home improvement measures such as getting rid of an old boiler and pay it back through a surcharge on their electricity bills.
某些政策本身高度细化。2010年，欧盟施行了一项有关房屋能效的规定。该规定要求，所有新建房屋必须在2021年以前实现“净能耗接近于零”。在单个国家的范围内，各国政府也采用了越来越多富有创意的办法来鼓励民众节约能源。例如按照英国的Green Deal计划，消费者可以为替换老旧锅炉等房屋整修举措申请贷款，并通过支付溢价电费的形式予以偿还。
Although energy conservation is a big concern in the west, some parts of the world have made little or no progress. The abundance of fossil fuels in the Middle East and the low cost of energy – with heavily subsidised prices for petrol and gas – gives the region little incentive to husband resources. The IEA says the average efficiency of fossil fuel power generation in the Middle East is just 33 per cent – 9 per cent lower than in the west. That is why some are sceptical that global energy intensity – the amount of energy consumed per unit of GDP – will come down drastically soon. Futurologist Jorgen Randers, in a report offering a global forecast for the next 40 years, expects energy intensity to fall by only a third compared to 2010 – not enough to stop catastrophic climate change. Still, Maria van der Hoeven, the IEA’s executive director, believes: “The most secure energy is the barrel or megawatt we never have to use”.
虽然节约能源在西方是一个颇为引人关注的问题，世界上的某些地区在节能方面却几乎没有取得任何进展。中东地区充裕的化石燃料资源以及低廉的能源成本——汽油和天然气价格因为来自政府的大额补贴而处于低位——导致该地区几乎没有动力来节约能源。国际能源机构表示，中东地区化石燃料发电的平均效率仅为33%，较西方国家低了9个百分点。这也正是为什么某些人怀疑全球单位产值能耗——生产每单位GDP所需消耗的能源数量——能否在短时间内显著下降。未来学家乔根•兰德斯(Jorgen Randers)在一份预测未来40年全球面貌的报告中预计，单位产值能耗相对于2010年时仅会下降三分之一——不足以阻止灾难性的气候变化发生。但国际能源机构总干事玛丽亚•范德胡芬(Maria van der Hoeven)依然认为：“最安全可靠的能源是我们节约下来、永远不必用到的石油或电力。”