全息化

Visceralize – You’ve probably heard of visualizing, right? Visceralizing means taking all of your senses and connecting it to information. Studies have shown that people remember more vividly information that comes to us in an emotionally aroused state. Linking feelings, senses and imagery to bland ideas makes them more real. You probably counted on your fingers when learning numbers, why can’t you do the same when you are learning now?
全息化——你或许听说过可视化，对吧？全息化就是将你的感官和信息连接起来，实验研究表明当人将自己融入特定的环境中可以记住更多的相关信息，将感觉、情感和意象同想法组合起来，并虚构出更加真实的环境。你或许在学习数数的时候用手指来计数，那么为什么不在学习的时候采用同样的方法呢？

采用比喻的方法

Metaphor - The heart of holistic learning is relating things together. Metaphors are literary devices that link two things that normally don’t go together. Come up with metaphors to describe more complicated ideas in simpler terms.
将事物采用比喻的方法记住——系统化学习的核心是将所有的知识关联起来，比喻是文学修辞的一种方法，它将两个平时没有关系的事物结合在了一起，这就能将负责的问题简单化了。

十岁法则

Ten Year Old Rule – Explain ideas to yourself as you would to a ten year old. Sure, this isn’t always possible in your last years of a medical degree or learning how to apply neural networks to computer AI. But the idea is that you should be able to “dumb down” an idea enough so it seems obvious to yourself.
十岁法则——自己将知识解释给假定只有十岁你，当然这种方法并不是什么时候都适用的，比如你是一名将要毕业的医学院学生或者你正在利用神经网络技术做人工智能研究；但是采用这种方法有利于你将问题简化到十分容易理解的程度。

跟踪返回

Trace Back – Put away your books and start with a random fact or concept. Then relate that idea to another concept in your subject. Keep doing this tracing pattern until you’ve linked many ideas together. The Gupta Dynasty reminds you of ancient Greece which reminds you of Socrates, reminding you of Confucius…
跟踪返回——把书放在一边，随机选择一个概念或者问题，然后将它和书中另一个概念关联起来，继续下去直到你关联了很多知识点。比如Gupta王朝让你想起了古希腊的苏格拉底，然后是孔夫子。

引用回顾

Refresher Scan – Scan through information in your text book. Notice whenever you encounter information that you either don’t remember or weren’t 100% sure about. Quickly link that information back to existing ideas through viscerlization and metaphor. If your refresher scan is turning up more than a few points per chapter, you haven’t learned it thoroughly enough.
引用回顾——通过你的笔记回顾你所学的知识，但要注意当你遇到你没有100%把握的问题时，立刻采用全息化或者比喻的方法将这些信息联系起来，如果你发现回顾得到的信息过多，那表明你还没有完全掌握它。

压缩信息

Compress Information – Not all information works well for holistic learning. A common point cited to me is learning anatomy for first year medical students. Anatomy involves learning arbitrary Latin names for hundreds of different elements of your body. There often aren’t clear patterns and constructs, just a dry list of facts. When encountering information such as this, your goal should be to compress it. Find ways to group information into smaller chunks of memory through pictures or mnemonics.
压缩信息——系统性学习法并不是全能的。其中一个例子就是我在医学院一年级时学习解剖学，解剖学中涉及到数百个与器官相关的拉丁名词，这些名词并没有明确的派生关系和构词方法，而仅仅是一系列的毫不相干的词。当你遇到类似问题的时候，你应该采用压缩的方法，找出一种方法把他们分类成一些小组，然后通过图片或者联想的方式辅助记忆。

笔记

Write – Take a piece of paper and write out the connections in the information. Reorganize the information into different patterns. The key here is the writing, not the final product. So don’t waste your time making a pretty picture. Scribble and use abbreviations to link the ideas together.
笔记——用笔记的形式将这些信息的关联记录下来，将信息重新组织成不同的样式，但这里的关键是写的过程而不是结果。因此不要将你的时间浪费到制作精美的卡片上，你需要使用简写和连线把这些知识联系到一起。

学习时间

Time spent studying does not equal learning.
More studying time won’t help if the way you are studying is flawed to begin with.
学习时间并不等于你学到的东西。
如果你从一开始学习方法就有问题，花费再多的时间也是于事无补。

系统化学习

Holistic Learning
Smart people don’t just learn better. They learn differently. While many students get caught up in memorizing facts, intelligent learners know to seek the bigger picture and connect the facts together. This form of learning I call holistic learning.
Holistic learning is basically the opposite of rote memorization. Instead of reciting lists of facts, rules or formulas, you seek to connect ideas together. Instead of having separate boxes in your head for geometry, algebra or ancient India, you deliberately link facts together, so they form a bigger picture.
系统化学习
聪明人不仅学的更好，而且学习的方法不同。当许多人在死记硬背的时候，聪明的学生则在寻找将这些知识串联起来的方法，我将这种方法称为系统化学习。
系统化学习是与死记硬背不同，与背诵公理、定理和方程式不同，你是在寻找他们之间的关系并理解他们。这就像将你脑海中零散的几何学、代数学和历史学组合在一起，形成一个体系。