愿景式

Visionary. This style is most appropriate when an organization needs a new direction. Its goal is to move people towards a new set of shared dreams. “Visionary leaders articulate where a group is going, but not how it will get there - setting people free to innovate, experiment, take calculated risks,” writes Goleman。

　　愿景式(Visionary)。当一个组织需要有新的方向时，这种方式最为合适。它的目的是鼓动人们朝着一系列新的共同愿景而前进。戈尔曼写道，愿景式领导者为团队指明前进目标，而不是到达目标的方式，这让人们能够充分地创新、历炼、承担可能的风险。

辅导式

　　Coaching. This one-on-one style focuses on developing individuals, showing them how to improve their performance, and helping to connect their goals to the goals of the organization. Coaching works best with employees who show initiative and want more professional development. But it can backfire if it's perceived as “micromanaging” an employee, and undermines his or her self-confidence。

　　辅导式(Coaching)。这种一对一的方式侧重的是人员的培养，教他们学会怎样提升绩效，并帮助他们把个人目标与组织目标结合起来。在显示出主动性、希望在专业上进一步提升的员工身上，辅导发挥的作用最大。但如果被视为一种婆婆妈妈的管理方式，可能会适得其反，并损伤员工的自信心。

亲和式

　　Affiliative. This style emphasizes the importance of team work, and creates harmony in a group by connecting people to each other. It's particular valuable when you need to improve team harmony, increase morale, and repair communication or repair broken trust in an organization. But it has its drawbacks. An excessive emphasis on group praise can allow poor performance to go uncorrected, and lead employees to believe that mediocrity will be tolerated。

　　亲和式(Affiliative)。这种方式强调团队协作的重要性，并在人与人之间建立一种纽带，形成一个和谐的团体。当你需要在组织中增进和谐、提高士气并修复沟通或受损的信任关系时，这种方式尤其有用。但它也有缺点。过分倚重对团队的表扬，可能会放任低劣的绩效得不到改正，并让员工相信他们是可以碌碌无为的。

民主式

　　Democratic. This style draws on people's knowledge and skills, and creates a group commitment to the resulting goals. It works best when the direction the organization should take is unclear, and the leader needs to tap the collective wisdom of the group. The consensus building approach can be disastrous in times of crisis, however, when urgent events demand quick decisions。

　　民主式(Democratic)。这种方式充分发挥团队的知识和技能，共同形成目标，并树立一种实现目标的共同意志。当组织的前进方向不明确、领导者需要利用团队的集体智慧时，这种方式最为有效。但在危机时刻，紧急事件需要有迅速决策，这种建立共识的方式可能带来灾难性的后果。

标杆式

　　Pacesetting. In this style, the leader sets high standards for performance. He or she is obsessive about doing things better and faster, and asks the same of everyone. But Goleman warns this style should be used sparingly, because it can undercut morale and make people feel as if they are failing. 'Our data shows that, more often than not, pacesetting poisons the climate,' he writes。

　　标杆式(Pacesetting)。根据这种方式，领导者制定出很高的绩效标准，对更好、更快有着一种执着的追求，并要求人人都像自己一样。但戈尔曼警告说，这种方式应当少用，因为它可能打击士气、让人产生挫败感。他写道，我们的数据显示，标杆式领导行为多半会损害氛围。

命令式

　　Commanding. This is the classic model of “military” style leadership - probably the most often used, but the least often effective. Because it rarely involves praise and frequently employs criticism, it can undercut morale and job satisfaction. Still, in crisis situations, when an urgent turnaround is needed, it can be an effective approach。

　　命令式(Commanding)。这是“军事化”领导方式的典型，或许是用得最多、但奏效机会最少的方式。由于很少涉及表扬，并不断地采取批评方法，它有可能打压士气和工作满意度。但在危机情形下需要紧急扭转局势时，这可能是一种有效的办法。