defray .
【考法 1】 vt. 支付： to undertake the payment of
【例】 The government has committed billions toward defraying the costs of the war. 政府为战争付出了成百上千亿元的代价。‖I don't have sufficient fund to defray the expense. 我身上的现金还不够埋单。
【近】 disburse, expend, pay
【反】 acquire, earn, gain, garner, procure, realize, secure, win 获得，获取；charge 收取
imperishable
【考法 1】 adj. 不能被摧毁的： impossible to destroy; not subject to decay
【例】 Energy is imperishable. 能量本身是不能被毁灭的。
【近】 inextinguishable
【反】 destructible, extinguishable, perishable 可被毁灭的
【考法 2】 adj. 不朽的，永恒的： enduring or occurring forever
【例】 My memories are within me, imperishable. 我的回忆已经和我融为一体，不可改变。
【近】 ageless, continuing, eternal, everlasting, immortal, lasting, perennial, perpetual, timeless, undying
【反】 emphemeral, evanescent, fleeting, transient, transitory 稍纵即逝的
machination
【考法 1】 n. 诡计： a scheming or crafty action or artful design intended to accomplish some usually evil end
【例】 The incredibly complicated machination to assassinate the president inevitably failed. 刺杀总统的诡计极其复杂，以至于不可避免地失败了。
【近】 conspiracy, design, intrigue, plot, scheme
onset
【考法 1】 n. 攻击，进攻： attack, assault
【例】 withstand the onset of the army 抵挡住了敌人军队的进攻
【近】 aggression, assault, charge, offense, onslaught, raid, rush, strike
【反】 defense 防御
【考法 2】 n. 起始，开始： the point at which something begins
【例】 If you take enough vitamin C at the onset of a cold, you'll probably recover faster. 如果你感冒刚一开始就服用足量的维他命 C，你可能会康复得更快。
【近】 alpha, baseline, commencement, dawn, genesis, inception, kickoff, launch, nascence, outset, threshold
【反】 close, conclusion, end, ending, omega, termination 结束
automatic .
【考法 1】 adj. （机器等）自动的： acting or operating in a manner essentially independent of external influence
or control
【例】 Will your next car be a manual or an automatic? 你下辆车是手动挡还是自动挡？‖ Modern subwaysare equipped with automatic screen doors. 现代地铁都装备了自动屏蔽门。
【近】 automated, robotic, self-acting, self-operating, self-regulating
【反】 manual 手动的
【考法 2】 adj. 自发的，情不自禁的： acting or done spontaneously or unconsciously
【例】 Carl's automatic use of the brakes narrowly averted a collision. 卡尔不经意间所踩的刹车勉强避免了一场车祸。
【近】 impulsive, instinctive, involuntary, mechanic, mechanical, natural, spontaneous
【反】 calculated, deliberate, intentional, planned, predetermined, premeditated, studied 有计划的，蓄意的
【派】 automatically adv. 自动地
bustle .
【考法 1】 n. 忙乱，喧闹： noisy, energetic, and often obtrusive activity
【例】 the hustle and bustle of the big city 熙熙攘攘的大都市‖I couldn't concentrate in all the bustle of the student lounge. 学生休息室里过于嘈杂，我无法专心。
【近】 bluster, coil, disturbance, furor, hurricane, pandemonium, stir, storm, tumult, turmoil, uproar, welter, whirl
【反】 calm, hush, peace, quiet, rest, stillness, tranquillity 宁静，祥和；order 秩序
【考法 2】 vi. （快速地）行走： to move briskly and often ostentatiously
【例】 the hostess bustled about, taking care of last-minute preparations for the party. 女主人四处走着，为聚会做最后的准备。
【近】 blast, bolt, careen, career, dash, fly, hustle, rush, rustle, speed, whirl
【反】 crawl, creep, lag, poke 缓慢行进
canonize .
【考法 1】 vt. 过分宠爱，过分崇拜： to love or admire too much
【例】 a singing star so canonized by his fans that they refuse to believe anything bad about him 一个受到粉丝疯狂追捧的歌星，他们不会相信任何关于他的负面新闻
【近】 adore, adulate, canonize, dote, worship
【反】 abhor, abominate, belittle, despise, detest, disdain, dislike, disparage, hate, loathe 厌恶，鄙视
【考法 2】 vt. 使…崇高，使…神圣： to assign a high status or value to
【例】 Some movie buffs canonized David Fincher as today's most preeminent director. 一些影迷把大卫·芬奇视作是当今世界上最为出色的导演。
【近】 aggrandize, deify, dignify, elevate, ennoble, enshrine, ensky, enthrone, glorify, magnify
【反】 abase, degrade, demean, humble, humiliate 贬低，瞧不起
endeavor .
【考法 1】 n. 努力，奋斗： a conscientious or concerted effort toward an end
【例】 We hope that this latest endeavor will yield much information about the atmosphere of the planet. 我们希望这最后一次的努力能够获取关于行星大气层的大量信息。
【近】 attempt, essay, striving, struggle, trial, undertaking
【考法 2】 vt. 努力做…，拼搏： to devote serious and sustained effort
【例】 endeavor to improve the quality of life in the inner city 努力改善市内的生活质量‖They endeavored to create a government that truly serves its people. 他们在努力地创立一个一心为人民服务的政府。
【近】 assay, drudge, hustle, moil, plod, slave, strain, strive, sweat, seek, toil, travail, tug
【反】 drop, quit 放弃
fitful .
【考法 1】 adj. 无规律的，缺乏周期的： having an erratic or intermittent character
【例】 He drifted off into a fitful sleep. 他慢慢地陷入了时睡时醒的状态。
【近】 aperiodic, casual, discontinuous, episodic, erratic, intermittent, irregular, occasional, sporadic, unsteady
【反】 constant, continuous, incessant 持续不断的；periodic, regular, repeated 定期的
oaf .
【考法 1】 n. 愚蠢的人： a stupid person
【例】 Anyone who took him for an oaf and tried to cheat him would be in for a nasty surprise. 任何把他当成傻子然后想借机欺骗他的人就等着大吃一惊吧。
【近】 airhead, dolt, dope, dullard, dumbhead, fool, idiot, imbecile, moron, simpleton
【反】 brain, intellectual, sage, wit 智者；genius, prodigy 天才