carve

【考法 1】 vi. 雕刻： to create a three-dimensional representation of (something) using solid material

【例】 carved a statue out of rare marble 用纯的大理石雕刻了一尊雕像

【近】 sculpture

【考法 2】 v. （通过长期不懈努力）产生或导致： to produce or bring about especially by long or repeated effort

【例】 finally carved out a niche for the sport in the school's athletic program 在学校运动计划中寻找到了自

己的定位 || carve out a way through the enemy 从敌营中杀出一条血路

【近】 forge, grind out, thrash out, work out, work up

cast

【考法 1】 n. 演员，演员阵容： a set of characters or persons

【考法 2】 vt. 选派（演员）： to assign (as an actor) to a role or part

【近】 He was cast in the leading role. 他是男一号。

【考法 3】 vt. 提出： to put forth, give off, to place as if by throwing

【例】 cast doubt on their reliability 对它们的可靠性提出质疑

【近】 discharge, emanate, irradiate, issue, shoot, throw out, give out

【考法 4】 v. 抛弃： to get rid of as useless or unwanted

【例】 once she became rich and didn't need them anymore, she cast off all her old friends like so much junk

当她有钱了不再需要朋友了，她把老友像糟粕一样抛弃

【近】 ditch, dump, jettison, toss

castigate

【考法 1】 v. 强烈（公开）指责： to criticize harshly and usually publicly

【例】 The author castigated the prime minister as an ineffective leader. 作者谴责首相行政无作为。

【近】 berate, chastise, lambaste, reprimand, reproach, rebuke, vituperate, excoriate, rail (at or against)

【反】 approbate, accolade, extol 认可，赞美

【考法 2】 v. 惩罚： to inflict a penalty on for a fault or crime

【例】 a judge who believes in castigating criminals to the full extent of the law 法官认为应该最大程度地惩罚

罪犯

【近】 chasten, chastise, correct, discipline, penalize

【反】 excuse, pardon, spare 宽恕

catalyze

【考法 1】 vt. 成为导火索，导致： to be the cause of (a situation, action, or state of mind)

【例】 a reinstitution of the draft would catalyze protests around the country 草案的提出会激发全国范围的抗议

【近】 breed, beget, effectuate, engender, generate, prompt, spawn, yield, result in , bring (about

【反】 retard, prevent, inhibit 阻挠，抑制

【派】 catalyst n. 催化剂：an agent that provokes or speeds significant change or action

【例】 a catalyst for change of lifestyle 生活方式变化的催化剂

【反】 inhibitor 抑制剂

catastrophe

【考法 1】 n. 大灾难： the final event of the dramatic action especially of a tragedy

【近】 apocalypse, calamity, cataclysm, debacle, tragedy

【考法 2】 n. 彻底的失败： utter failure : fiasco

【例】 the party was a catastrophe 该派对就是一个杯具

【近】 bummer, debacle, disaster, fiasco, fizzle, washout

【反】 blockbuster, hit, smash, success, winner 大胜

categorical

【考法 1】 adj. 没有例外的，无条件限制的，绝对的： being without exception or qualification; absolute

【例】 a categorical denial 完全的否认

【近】 definite, downright, fair, utter, thorough, unalloyed, unconditional, unqualified

【反】 conditional, qualified 有条件的

catholic

【考法 1】 adj. 普遍的，包容的： not limited or specialized in application or purpose

【例】 a catholic taste in music 对于音乐的兼容并包的品味

【近】 unlimited, unqualified, unrestricted, unspecialized, all-around (also all-round)

【反】 narrow, limited, restricted, specialized 狭隘的

caustic

【考法 1】 adj. 腐蚀性的： capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action : corrosive

【例】 The chemical was so caustic that it ate through the pipes. 化学性质如此具有腐蚀性，以至于把管道都腐

蚀了。

【反】 palliating 减缓的

【考法 2】 adj. 挖苦讽刺的，刻薄的： marked by incisive sarcasm

【例】 caustic movie reviews 尖酸刻薄的影评

【近】 acerbic, acrid, barbed, mordant, pungent, sardonic, satiric, scathing, sharp

【反】 genial, smooth, kind, innocuous 和蔼的，（言论，行为等）无害的

caveat

【考法 1】 n. 警告，告诫： a warning of a specific limitation of something such as information or an agreement

【例】 a final caveat 最终的告诫

【近】 warning, admonish

cavil

【考法 1】 v. 挑剔，吹毛求疵： to find fault unnecessarily; raise trivial objections :quibble

【例】 Let us not cavil too much. 让我们别太挑剔。 || caviling about the price of a cup of coffee 对一杯咖啡的价钱挑刺

【近】 carp, fuss, niggle, nitpick, quibble