2009年12月2日，中国驻英国大使傅莹应邀在伦敦政治经济学院（LSE）发表题为“气候变化与中国”的演讲，全面阐述中国应对气候变化的政策、立场及所采取的措施，并现场回答听众提问。

气候变化与中国
中国驻英国大使 傅莹
伦敦经济学院
2009年12月2日

Climate Change and China
Fu Ying, Chinese Ambassador to the U.K.
London School of Economics
December 2, 2009

尊敬的CORBRIDGE教授，
女士们，先生们，

Professor Corbridge,
Ladies and Gentlemen,

很荣幸来到伦敦经济学院，就气候变化这一重大问题进行交流。我感觉特别荣幸，这是因为伦敦经济学院以在气候变化领域的研究著称，你们的研究为全球讨论做出了突出贡献。

I am honoured to talk to you on such an important subject as climate change. It’s a special honour, because the LSE is well-known for its scholarship on climate change and its crucial contribution to this global debate.

中国是一个有着13亿人口的大国，气候类型多样，环境脆弱。气候变化给中国带来诸多不利影响。

China is a huge country with a population of 1.3 billion. It has diverse climatic conditions and a fragile environment. The effect of climate change is a very real threat which we face everyday.

根据中国科学家的观察，过去50年里中国的平均气温上升了1.1摄氏度，高于同期全球平均升温水平。在中国的许多地方，极端气候现象更为频繁。例如，今年春天中国北方出现50年以来最为严重的干旱，给400多万人的带来生计困难。

According to Chinese scientists, the average temperature in China has risen by 1.1 degrees centigrade in the last 5 decades. It is higher than the reported global average. We are seeing more frequent bouts of extreme weather in many parts of the country. Last spring, for example, the most severe drought in 50 years hit northern China affecting the livelihood of 4 million people.

环境污染和气候变化带来的不利影响对我们来说已是现实。全球空气污染最严重的20个城市中，中国占了一半，70%的河流受到不同程度的污染。中国已成为全球第一大二氧化碳排放国。

Environmental damage and climate change is a reality for us. Out of the world’s most polluted 20 cities, half are in China. 70% of Chinese rivers are polluted to some degree. China has become the largest carbon emitter of the world.

这些问题是如何造成的？中国近年在减贫和提高人民生活水平的同时，也出现了严重的环境问题。与你们不同的是，我们是用30年的浓缩时间，走西方国家两个世纪的工业化进程。

How have we got here? China has reached this stage when it is making great endeavours to lift people out of poverty. Unlike you here, we have condensed 2 centuries of industrialization into only 30 years.

中国人民已经充分认识到气候变化问题的严重性和紧迫性，我们在以发展经济的同样热情投入到实现可持续发展的努力之中。在中国，气候变化不仅仅是一个讨论的话题，举国上下正在通过政策和行动积极应对气候变化。我愿与你们分享一些这方面的例子。

Now, the Chinese people have woken to the threat and, with the same zeal that we have embraced industrialization, we are embracing cleaner development. In China, climate change is not just a topic for discussion; It’s backed up with policy and action throughout the country. Let me share some examples with you.

第一，中国制定了节能减排的法律和政策框架。

First, on the legal and policy front.

中国在制定2006-2010年的第十一个“五年计划”时，第一次提出了应对气候变化的具体目标，包括降低单位GDP能耗20%。

China set forward a voluntary reduction program for 2006 to 2010 period, including 20% reduction in energy intensity per unit of GDP.

为实现这个目标，中国修订了《节约能源法》、《可再生能源法》等法律，制定了严格的节能指标考核制度，完不成任务的地方领导人将面临严格的问责制。

To achieve this, we amended the Law on Energy Saving and the Law on Renewable Energy. We’ve also set up a strict evaluation system for energy efficiency. This enables the central government to hold provincial leaders accountable for meeting energy efficiency targets.

上个月，中央政府在网站上公布了2008年各省区节能目标考核结果。全国31个省区中，26个省为“超额完成”或“完成”等级。由于增加了透明度，未完成目标的省区面临公众很大的压力。

Last month, the evaluation result for 2008 was released on the web for all to access. Out of 31 provinces and regions, 26 fulfilled emission reduction targets. One can’t underscore enough the importance of having such transparency as it places great pressure on those who are not meeting the target.

从表格上可以看出来，北京市做得不错，超额完成了当年指标，而且已完成了2010年20%目标的17%。而新疆则落后了一些，如期完成目标有很大困难，需要得到许多支持。

Beijing is doing better, over-fulfilling its target for 2008, with over 7%. I am sure the Olympics helped. It has already achieved over 17% for the 20% target of 2010. At the bottom, you can see Xinjiang. It is lagging far behind and looks unlikely to meet the target and would need a lot of help.

第二，采取严格的产业政策，鼓励清洁发展。

Secondly, now the industries have to take very tough decisions to achieve clean development.

政府严格控制新建高排放、高污染项目，淘汰现有落后产能。可以理解，落实这项措施一开始会很困难，遇到一些阻力，因为关闭高污染企业意味着就业岗位的损失。

Projects with high emission can no longer go ahead and some existing high emitters are being phased out. It is understandably difficult to push through such reforms and there is, inevitably, resistance. Being a developing country, shutting down factories means job losses for many who need them.

比如，中国提出5年内拆除淘汰5000万千瓦（50GW）老发电机装机容量的目标提前一年半完成，使单位发电的煤耗降低了20%。但这项措施导致40万人面临再就业问题。

For example, we have achieved cutting down the average consumption of coal per unit of power by 20%, by demolishing the high-polluting and inefficient power plants. But it led to the loss of 400,000 jobs.

第三，大力发展清洁替代能源。

So the third point is that we have increased and will continue to increase the percentage of cleaner alternative energy sources.

低碳和新能源产业正在成为中国经济的新亮点，许多英国公司也在与中国开展清洁能源项目的合作。今年1-9月,中国新增发电装机容量中，清洁能源占到1/3。

Low-carbon and energy conservation have become new growth sectors in China. Many British companies are actively involved in clean development projects in China. In the first 9 months of this year, clean energy contributed a third of China’s newly added power capacity.

目前，中国在太阳能热水器使用、太阳能光伏发电累计容量和水电装机容量方面均居世界第一。你们可能还不知道，1/10的中国家庭用上了太阳能，在中国可以看到许多新住宅的屋顶上装上了太阳能板。我自己家的公寓也是使用太阳能供热的，据家里人说今年冬天的使用效果很好。中国人对清洁能源如此热衷，表明我们下决心追求更美好的未来。

China now ranks as first in the world for solar heating and photovoltaic generation, as well as installed hydro power capacity. You may be surprised to know, 1 in 10 families in China already use solar energy. That includes my family. Many new buildings in Chinese cities are equipped with solar energy. The fact that the Chinese people are so keen to adopt clean energy is an excellent indicator of our dedication to a better future.

第四，增加森林碳汇。我们都知道树能吸收二氧化碳，中国人民对植树十分热情，在联合国环境署倡议的“全球10亿棵树”活动中，中国人种了26亿棵树，也就是人均2棵，一个多么令人震惊的数字。

Next, let’s talk about trees and reforestation. We all know how trees can absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Chinese people have really taken tree-planting to heart. It has even become fashionable for young couples to plant trees to mark their wedding. China has planted more trees than any other country in the world, with 2.6 billion trees planted. That is 2 trees per individual, an incredible number.

第五，我们知道要切实实现减排的宏伟目标，唯一的手段是通过发展科学和技术，这就是为什么中国加大了应对气候变化的科研投入。中国已成为各种新能源技术的巨大实验基地。

Last but not least, the only means for China to really achieve its ambitious plan is through science and technology. This is why China is investing heavily in research and development. The country has become a giant laboratory for testing all kinds of clean energy technologies.

为应对国际金融危机，中国在新增4万亿元（4000亿英镑）的经济刺激方案中，应对气候变化相关投资达15%。我想你们会认为这不是一个小的数额，特别是考虑到我们正处在金融危机当中。

In the latest stimulus package worth 400 billion pound, 15% was invested in addressing climate change. I am sure you will agree that it is a huge amount by any standard, especially during the financial crisis.

经过努力，中国节能减排取得明显进展，有望如期完成2010年目标。仅提高能效一项，中国就有望在2006-2010年间减少二氧化碳排放15亿吨。这个数字与世界上其他任何国家的减排努力相比都毫不逊色。

Thanks to all these efforts, China is well on track to reach our targets set for 2010. That would mean a reduction in CO2 emissions of 1.5 billion tons in five years by 2010. This is an achievement that compares well with the efforts of other countries.

在今年9月召开的联合国气候变化峰会上，胡锦涛主席宣布中国将进一步采取应对气候变化的措施。上周四，中国政府宣布了2020年行动目标，包括：

At the UN climate change summit last September, President Hu Jintao stated that China would take even further steps to counter climate change. To follow up, the Chinese government has announced its targets for 2020 based on 2005 levels.

--单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40-45%；
--非化石能源比重达到15%；
--森林面积比2005年增加4000万公顷，这个面积相当于英国领土的1.5倍。

They include:
- bringing down CO2 per unit of GDP by 40-45%,
- increasing the ratio of non-fossil energy to 15%,
- expanding forest coverage by 40 million hectares, that is bigger than one and half times the size of United Kingdom.

我们将把这些目标作为约束性和可核查指标纳入中国的发展中长期规划。

We will make all these into compulsory and verifiable targets, within the framework of our domestic development program.

但是，希望能理解，完成这些目标会越来越困难。请允许我说明一下为什么是这样。

I hope you will appreciate that achieving these targets and further reducing emission will get increasingly harder. Let me elaborate on that point.

中国已经关闭了很多高耗能工厂，也就是说，容易做的已经做了。1990-2005年间，中国单位GDP能耗下降了47%，预计2005-2010年将再下降20％。进一步提高能效，将付出更高成本、做出更多牺牲。

We have already closed down many of the old and high energy consuming factories, That is to say, the easier part is done. Between 1990 to 2005, the per unit GDP energy consumption came down by 47% and between 2005 to 2010 it will again come down by 20%. The next will be raising the energy efficiency of the remaining plants. It’s going to cost more and involve more sacrifice to reduce further.

这也就是为什么科技研发对中国是如此重要，只有创新方能干使中国实现这个跨越。也是由于这个原因，我们希望发达国家转让技术和提供能力支持。

This is why investing in research and development is so critical for us, as only innovation can help China to make that leap. And this is why we are looking to developed countries for technology transfer and capacity building.

国际能源署预测，如果中国实现了2020年目标，届时中国一年即可减排10亿吨二氧化碳。这将是一个巨大的成就，因为我们还是一个发展中国家，同时还面临着发展的巨大任务。

According to the International Energy Agency, if China fulfils its target for 2020, it will have reduced its emissions of CO2 by 1 billion tons. That will be a great achievement, given that we are a developing country and we have equally pressing survival priorities.

下面我将详细谈谈这个问题。虽然中国经济总量有望不久成为世界第二，但很多人经常忘记中国还是一个发展中国家这一事实。

If you would allow me, I’d like to expand on this point; China may soon become the 2nd largest economy in the world. Yet it remains a developing country. This is something that many people often forget.

中国人均GDP刚过3000美元，分别是英国、美国的1/15、1/20，在世界排名第104位，排在牙买加和纳米比亚之后。

China’s per capita GDP has just passed 3,000 US dollars. UK and US are 15 to 20 times that of China. China is behind Jamaica and Namibia.

请大家回答我一个问题：英国在历史上是哪年处于中国目前的人均水平？ 根据英国经济学Angus Maddison的计算，答案是1913年。

Now, let me ask you all a question: In which year in history do you think Britain was at the same income level China now is at? According to British economist Angus Maddison, the answer is the year 1913.

下面这个数字可能让你们一些人吃惊，中国目前仍有1.35亿人每天生活费不足1美元。我们熟视无睹的最基本生活需求，比如说水，在中国一些地区都是人们不可及的。

In per capita GDP terms, China only ranks at 104th place in the world. It might be a surprise to some of you that China has 135 million people living under one dollar a day. Sometimes even the most basic things that we take for granted, like water, are beyond the reach of some Chinese people.

例如，在中国西北的甘肃省，有些地方非常缺水，一个村子的农民一辈子只洗三次澡，出生的时候、结婚的时候，还有死的时候。

Take for example, in China’s northwest, water is so scarce that farmers in a village in Gansu province only take three baths in their entire life, at birth, at marriage and at death.

当我们讨论气候变化的时候，我们常常只是谈论科学事实和数据，但我们不应忘记还有人的因素。

When discussing climate change, we tend to talk mostly about facts and figures, but we should not forget that, there is also the human dimension.

想象一下，当这个村庄通电之后（中国正在实现村村通电），不仅农民可以打机井从地下深处取水，他们的孩子们也能从电视上看到外面的精彩世界，他们当然会梦想一个更好的生活，得到许多的东西。

Imagine when electricity reaches this Gansu village, which is what China has been doing, bringing electricity to every village, not only are the farmers able to drill deeper for water, but also their children would be able to watch TV for the first time and see the wonderful outside world. They of course will dream about a better life and all the things that come with it.

我们能告诉他们：你们没有权利拥有我们所拥有的生活吗？
我们能告诉他们：你们不能像电视里看到的上海人或伦敦人一样生活吗？
为什么这些孩子不能拥有IPOD、手提电脑和冰箱，甚至汽车呢？

Who are we to tell them, that they have no right to have what we have? Who are we to tell them that they can’t live like the people in Shanghai or London they see on TV? Why can’t they have ipods, laptops and refrigerators, or even cars?

这就是在应对气候变化问题中的人的因素，这也是挑战之所在。

This is the human dimension, and this is the challenge.

中国的使命就在于，如何使13亿人都有机会实现他们的梦想，但是是要以对环境负责的方式来实现。

China’s difficult mission is to enable all of its 1.3 billion people to have the opportunity to realize their dreams, but to achieve it in a environmentally responsible way.

现在让我们回到前面说的中国是第一大排放国的问题上。如果看人均排放量，中国是4.6吨，而美国是20吨，英国是10吨。比较来看，不能说中国是“对能源贪婪”吧？

Now let’s come back to the point about China being the world’s biggest CO2 emitter. If you look at the figures in per capita terms, an average Chinese person’s emission is 4.6 tons. An average American emits 20 tons, in the yellow colour and Britain 10 tons in the blue colour. You can hardly call China energy greedy, can you?

但根据《金融时报》的一项民调，63%的美国人认为中国应做出最多的减排努力。这就好像是一个总吃4片面包的人，要求另外一个刚刚得到第一块面包的人去节食。

Yet, according to an FT survey, 63% of Americans believe that China is not doing enough and that it should undertake more emission reduction. It feels like a person taking 4 pieces of bread asking the person who got the first piece of bread to go on diet.

从1750年到2005年，全球累计排放的二氧化碳中，发达国家排放占了80%。时至今日，发达国家人口只有世界的20%，每年排放却占到55%。因此，在排放问题上，发达国家和发展中国家完全不能类比。

Between 1750 and 2005, developed countries accounted for 80% of the world’s CO2 emissions. Even today, with only 20% of the world’s population, developed countries pump more than 55% of the total emissions into the atmosphere. So when it comes to emissions, developed and developing countries can’t be compared like for like, not to be painted in the same brush.

正是由于这个原因，我们非常重视《联合国气候变化框架公约》确定的“共同但有区别的责任”原则。归根到底，这是一个涉及公平和平等的发展权利的问题。

This is why we attach so much importance to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, which set out the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. This is ultimately about fairness and equal right to development.

再过5天，哥本哈根会议就要召开了，这是各国合作应对气候变化的一次里程碑式的会议，国际社会对此寄予厚望。中国认为，为确保会议取得成功，必须做到以下三个方面：

The Copenhagen conference will commence in 5 days’ time. It will be a major milestone in the global effort to tackle climate change and the people of the world have high hopes on its outcome. For Copenhagen to be successful, China believes several things need to happen.

一是要确定发达国家在《京都议定书》第二承诺期里应该承担的大幅减排指标，并确保未批准《京都议定书》的发达国家承担与其他发达国家具有可比性的减排承诺。

First, developed countries should undertake to achieve substantial emission reduction targets for the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Countries that have not signed up to the Kyoto Protocol should formulate similar reduction targets.

二是要做出有效机制安排，确保发达国家根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》的规定和巴厘路线图的规定，向发展中国家提供资金、技术转让和能力建设方面的支持和帮助。

Second, effective mechanisms should be set up to ensure that developed countries provide financial and technological support to developing countries.

三是发展中国家在得到资金、技术和能力建设支持和帮助的情况下，在可持续发展的框架下，根据各自国情采取适当的减缓行动。

Third, developing country should also adopt mitigation measures according to their national conditions, within the framework of sustainable development and with financial and technological support from the developed countries.

中国总理温家宝将出席哥本哈根会议。中国愿意发挥建设性的作用，推动会议取得成功。在这个进程中，我们期待着与英国和世界其他国家密切合作。

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao will attend the conference. China is willing to play a constructive role in bringing the negotiations to a successful conclusion. We look forward to close cooperation with the UK and the rest of the world in this process.

归根到底，气候变化是一个全球性挑战，只有通过全球合作才能解决。作为一位母亲，我希望我的女儿和后代能呼吸新鲜空气，在一个良好的环境中生活。让我们共同努力，确保我们的子孙生活在一个更加美好的世界。

All in all, climate change is a global challenge, which can only be resolved through global cooperation. As a mother, I do hope my daughter and the future generations will breathe clean air and live in a good environment. So countries should work together as partners to make sure that our children inherit a better world.

谢谢大家。

Thank you.