第四章 汉译英翻译重点

英、汉当中语言的类型特点：

1、汉语：语意性语言，力求考究字与语意及其相关关系，注意内容的意会性，其句法特点是：主语可以由不同类别的词语担当，主语隐含、不显或无主语的情况时常可见，谓语成分比较复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、数、时态的变化，句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词，汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定式可依。

2、英语：语法性语言，重点研究主谓、序列及其相关词类，句子结构受形式逻辑制约，注重形式严谨，其句法特征是：主语突出，易于识别，只能由名词或名词性的词语担当，谓语绝对受主语支配，在人称和数上面必须与主语保持一致，有时态、语态和语气的变化，句与句之间都与明示逻辑关系的连接词相连，英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。英语是主语显著语，英语构建在主谓轴上，确定主谓语是成功构句、保证译文与原文功能相似、语意相符的关键。

4.1主语的确定

原文主语作主语：场合有限

重新确定主语

（比较翻译）

1) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。

a) The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena.

b) At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.

中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。

Great changes have taken place in China.

China has witnessed tremendous changes.

2) 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。

a. China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.

b. In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.

3) 胎又瘪了。

a. We’ve got another flat tire.

b. Our tire is flat again.

4) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.

b. We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.

增补主语

1、 推敲语境

2、 考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要

沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!

起大风了。

It’s blowing hard.

用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。

You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals.

1) 中国社会主义建设的航船将乘风破浪的驶向现代化的光辉彼岸。

a. The ship of China’s socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of modernization.

b. China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the glorious destination of modernization.

2) 我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友，而且成为兄弟。

a. The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers.

b. Our relations have so grown that bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.

3) 他心直口快，总是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就赢得了大家的信任。

a. His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.

b. He was very outspoken and always ready to make friends with anyone, so he won their trust.

4) 中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。

a. A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.

b. The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.

5) 轻纺工业产品的花色品种增多，质量继续有所提高。

a. The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.

b. Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and richer variety.

6) 楼的质量不好。

a. The building is not well built.

b. The quality of the building is poor.

天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

真是太荒谬了。

It’s utterly absurd.

只有冷静才能成功。

Success depends on calm minds.

端午节吃粽子。

On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat zongzi.

上海近几年发生的巨大变化赢得了全世界人民的赞叹。

That Shanghai has changed greatly in recent years has won admiration from people all over the world.