阅读题

Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the vital ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances.

　　Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances, however, have dozens, even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate and identit3, these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible to synthesize them. Nevertheless, some complex substances, such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been duplicated satisfactorily.

　　Many of the chemical compounds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in nature, and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

　　The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied "new car odor."

　　71. From the passage we can learn that ______

　　A. natural flavorings and fragrances are not quite dear

　　B. the limitation of natural flavorings and fragrances is clear

　　C. the supply of natural flavorings and fragrances is adequate to meet the demand

　　D. the cost of producing natural flavorings and fragrances is high

　　72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

　　A. Natural rose fragrance is 100 times more expensive to produce than artificial rose fragrance.

　　B. The most important ingredient in a rose fragrance is obtained from natural rose oil at a low cost.

　　C. A different synthetic substance can be made for 1% of the cost.

　　D. Natural rose oil costs the same as its fragrances.

　　73. The industry of producing hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances probably appeared in ______

　　A. 2000 B. 1953

　　C. 1909 D. 1810

　　74. According to the passage, all the following are easier to synthesize EXCEPT ______

　　A. aromatic ingredient in vanilla

　　B. vanilla

　　C. aromatic ingredient in wild cherry

　　D. the flavor of fresh coffee

　　75. The underlined word "duplicated" in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______

　　A. make double

　　B. make a copy of

　　C. produce something equal to

　　D. take from

　　76. Why does the author mention fresh coffee in Paragraph 2?

　　A. As an example of complex substances having not been duplicated satisfactorily.

　　B. Because the coffee fragrance is hard to produce.

　　C. To conclude the passage.

　　D. The smell of fresh coffee is inviting.

　　77. ______ a substance can be synthesized.

　　A. Upon identifying the basic components of it

　　B. Once chemically analyzed

　　C. When gas chromatography is used

　　D. If spectroscopy is adopted

　　78. It can be inferred from the passage that ______

　　A. vanillin is easier to synthesize than benzaldehyde

　　B. not all synthetic flavors are harmless

　　C. in general, the less components there are in a fragrance, the harder it is to synthesize

　　D. synthesized substances must be tested for safety only if they are used in food

　　79. Which of the following is the best title for tile passage?

　　A. How to Synthesize Fragrances

　　B. Synthetic Substances Are Easy to Make

　　C. Natural Flavorings and Fragrances

　　D. Synthetic Flavors and Fragrances

　　80. Which of the following is NOT true according to the last paragraph?

　　A. Synthetic fragrances can be used to make a used car smell like a new one.

　　B. Synthetic flavors and fragrances have added to the varieties of products.

　　C. Lemon soap is made out of some delicious lemon.

　　D. It is likely that a bottle of orange juice is synthesized.

　　Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilot Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of plankton. These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.

　　81. From the passage we can learn that ______

　　A. people migrate like animals

　　B. only birds migrate

　　C. the female fur seals migrate only to the Gulf of Alaska

　　D. not all mammals migrate

　　82. The phrase "An example" underlined in Paragraph 1 refers to an example of a ______

　　A. migratory mammal

　　B. place where animals migrate

　　C. migrating bird

　　D. person who associates migration with birds

　　83. All the mammals are mentioned as migrating ones EXCEPT ______

　　A. caribou B. fin whale

　　C. reindeer D. Alaska fur seal

　　84. Where can you see from the air the migration of the mammals?

　　A. In the Pribilot Islands. B. In the Bering Sea.

　　C. In southern California. D. In northern Canada.

　　85. Which of the following is NOT true?

　　A. Whales breed in winter.

　　B. Young whales are given birth in cold waters.

　　C. Alaska fur seals give birth to the young only in one area.

　　D. Alaska fur seals are born in warm weather.

　　86. Together ______ of Alaska fur seals swim down the Pacific Coast of North America.

　　A. mothers and the young

　　B. fathers and the young

　　C. parents and the young

　　D. seals and whales

　　87. Which of the following is NOT described in the passage?

　　A. Whales migrate to breed and give birth to their young.

　　B. Whale-watching in Boston in summer is attracting.

　　C. Seals breed in the north before migration.

　　D. Reindeer feed on grass.

　　88. Whales live on ______

　　A. tiny plants and animals in the sea

　　B. the grassy slopes of northern Canada

　　C. their young in cold winter

　　D. the abundant seafood in tropic waters

　　89. How many kinds of migrating mammals are mentioned in the passage?

　　A. Four. B. Three.

　　C. Two. D. One.

　　90. What is the best title of the passage?

　　A. Three Types of Whales

　　B. Birds Migration

　　C. Mammals Also Migrate

　　D. Several Kinds of Migration

答案（71-90）

KEYS：

　　71.D[分析] 细节题型。

　　见第一段第一句：Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply.因此选项D为答案。

　　72.A[分析] 是非题型。

　　见第一段第二句的后半部分：For example，the vital ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound;an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost.意即：玫瑰香(料)所需的成分是从天然玫瑰油中萃取的，这种萃取物一磅价值要数千美元;而人工合成的玫瑰香料价值只是天然的百分之一。因此选项A为答案。

　　73.C[分析] 细节题型。

　　见第一段第三句：Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that…符合“二十世纪早期”条件的选项只有C，所以是答案。

　　74.D[分析] 细节题型。

　　本题可用排除法。见第二段第一句：Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin，the aromatic ingredient in vanilla，and benzaldehyde，the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries.选项A、B、C的内容均被提及，因此除外的选项只有D，所以D为答案。(本题答案也可用下一题的推断法推出)

　　75.C[分析] 推断题型。

　　从第二段前几句得知：Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized.(有些天然香料可以很容易地进行人工合成。)Other fragrances，however，have dozens， even hundreds of components.(而有些却包含有几十甚至上百种成分——言外之意，较难合成。)Only recently has it been possible to separate and identify these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy.(只是到了最近，由于使用气相色谱分析和分光镜才能分离或鉴别出这些成分。)Once the chemical identity is known，it is often possible to synthesize them.(一旦了解了它们的化学成分，人们就有可能将之合成。)Nevertheless, some complex substances, (然而仍有一些复杂的成分，如新鲜咖啡的香味难以合成得令人满意。);由此可推断出很难合成与新鲜咖啡香味相同的香料。选项C内容与此意最接近，所以是答案。

　　76.A[分析] 推断题型。

　　见上题推理：作者之所以提及新鲜咖啡，是借此例来说明一些成分复杂的物质很难令人满意地合成出来。所以选项A为答案。

　　77.B[分析] 细节题型。

　　见第二段倒数第二句(见75题答案)，所以选项B为答案。

　　78.B[分析] 推断题型。

　　见第三段第一句：Many of the chemical compounds…and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances.由此推断出：有些化学合成物(其中也包括香料)与其自然界存在的物质一样是无害的，有些则是有害的。因此选项B为答案。

　　79.D[分析] 主旨题型。

　　阅读全文可知本文是围绕天然调味品和香料供应有限且价格不菲(见第一段第一句)，后有了人工合成品替代(尽管有些合成容易，有些困难)，使大量生产成为可能：其中主要部分谈的是人工合成品(调味品和香料)：因此选项D为答案。

　　80.C[分析] 细节题型。

　　可用排除法：选项A、D的内容见第四段后半句，选项B的内容见第四段前半句：只有选项C的内容未被提及(因为lemon柠檬属于natural substance，不是人工合成物)，所以是答案。

　　81.D[分析] 推断题型。

　　从文章前几句得知：一些人认为有迁徙习性的主要是鸟类……但哺乳动物也“迁徙”：其中一个例子是……。另一个迁徙的例子是……。由此推断出并不是所有的哺乳动物都迁徙;因此选项D是答案。本题也可用排除法做：选项A，B、C均是错误的，所以只有D是正确选项。

　　82.A[分析] 细节题型。

　　见上题分析，第二、三句提到哺乳动物也迁徙：其中—个例子是……。当然这个例子应是指迁徙的哺乳动物了。所以选项A是答案。

　　83.B[分析] 细节题型。

　　选项A和C在第三句中提及：选项D在第六句中提及：因此本题答案应为B。

　　84.D[分析] 细节题型。

　　见第三句、五句：An example is the caribou，reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada...Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air.因此答案为D。

　　85.B[分析] 是非题型。

　　见文章最后一句：In winter，the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.因此选项B为答案。

　　86.C[分析] 细节题型。

　　[注意本题容易选错]从文章Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal These seals breed only in the Pribilot Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles.Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America.The females and young travel as far as southern California.The males do not journey so far，中的划线部分可知，The females and young Alaska fur seal会从the Bering Sea(白令海——北太平洋的一部分)swim down the Pacific Coast of North America直到 southern California;而 The males也会从白令海南下(因为These seals breed only in the Pribilot Islands in the Bering Sea.)，只不过他们没有the females and young走的远罢了。因此选项C为答案。

　　87.B[分析] 是非题型。

　　选项A(见文章最后一句)、选项C(见上题)和选项D(见第三句)的内容在文章中均有提及，所以选项B是答案。

　　88.A[分析] 细节题型。

　　见文章倒数第三、四句：Whales eat huge quantities of plankton(浮游生物)。 These are most abundant in cold polar waters，所以选项A为答案。也可用排除法：选项B指的是reindeer的习性，选项C文中未提及鲸以幼仔为生，选项 D指的是tropic water，与 polar water相反：所以只有选项A正确。

　　89.B[分析] 细节题型。

　　文章提及reindeer(第三句)，the Alaska fur seal(第六句)和Whales(倒数第五句)所以选项B为答案。

　　90.C[分析] 主旨题型。

　　阅读全文，本文主要讲的是一些迁徙的哺乳动物，未仔细谈及几种类型的迁徙;因此C为答案。