亚洲的安全与中国的责任

The Evolving Security Situation in Asia and the Role of China

——外交部副部长刘振民在亚太安全合作理事会第九次大会午餐会上的演讲

--Speech by H.E. Vice Foreign Minister Liu Zhenmin at the Luncheon of the 9th CSCAP Conference

北京好苑建国饭店 2013年12月3日

尊敬的马振岗大使，

尊敬的亚太安全合作理事会（CSCAP）主席Nguyen Thai Yen Huong教授，

尊敬的CSCAP主席Leela K Ponappa大使，

女士们、先生们：

Ambassador Ma Zhengang,

Professor Nguyen Thai Yen Huong and

Ambassador Leela K Ponappa, co-Chairs of CSCAP,

Ladies and gentlemen,

很高兴应邀出席亚太安全合作理事会第九次大会。本次会议是 CSCAP首次在华举办大会，各方就涉及亚洲乃至世界的重大安全问题交换看法，有助于增进各方的相互理解和信任，为地区更紧密的安全合作献计献策。我谨代表中国外交部预祝会议取得圆满成功。

It’s my great pleasure to join you in the discussions at the 9th CSCAP General Conference, the first such Conference in China. I hope the discussions here on major security issues in Asia and the world will be conducive to greater mutual understanding and trust among countries and closer security cooperation in the region.

On behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, I wish the conference a great success.

我愿借此机会与各位分享对亚洲安全的看法，谈一谈中国在维护亚洲安全方面所做的工作和应尽的责任。

Today, I would like to share some thoughts on Asian security and the role and responsibility of China.

谈到亚洲，最受瞩目的是亚洲的经济活力，亚洲几乎成为“经济奇迹”的代名词。同时，也有舆论认为亚洲国家经济联系紧密，但政治关系冷淡，不稳定、不安全的因素增多。如何看待亚洲的安全形势？亚洲究竟是安全的，还是不安全的？

In people’s minds, Asia is often seen as a dynamic economy. Yet for some people, the close economic relations among Asian countries are not matched by amicable political relations. They even believe instability and insecurity is on the rise in Asia.

How should we view the security situation in Asia? Is Asia secure?

毋庸置疑，冷战后的亚洲基本保持了和平和稳定，没有发生大规模冲突。这为亚洲国家积极参与经济全球化、聚精会神搞建设奠定了坚实基础，也带动了地区国家间关系大幅改善。当前，亚洲区域合作方兴未艾，自贸区建设、互联互通等重要领域合作不断迈出新的步伐，经济一体化持续加速，已成为世界经济增长的最大驱动力。这是亚洲当前形势的主流，也是亚洲未来发展的趋势。

To be fair, Asia has largely maintained peace and stability for decades after the Cold War. This has served as a solid basis for Asia to focus on economic development. Relations among Asian countries have also improved.

Asia is seeing new progress in regional cooperation. FTA negotiations and connectivity projects are thriving. Economic integration is picking up speed. Asia has become the biggest driving force for global economic growth. War is almost unthinkable. This is the main trend of today’s Asia. This is also the way to go for Asia.

与此同时，亚洲也面临不少安全挑战,既有二战残余，冷战积怨，海上和平稳定的“暗礁”等历史遗留的安全矛盾，更有自然灾害、跨国犯罪、网络安全、能源和粮食安全等日益突出的非传统安全挑战。此外，通过强化双边军事同盟寻求个别国家绝对安全的做法依然存在，一些国家间互信赤字仍待弥补。

Having said that, to be frank, Asia is still faced with many security challenges. Legacies of the Second World War and the Cold War, and territorial and maritime disputes continue to affect Asian security.

There are also growing non-traditional security challenges, such as natural disasters, transnational crimes, cyber security, energy and food security. In addition, there are still attempts in our region to seek absolute security through strengthening military alliances. The trust deficit between some countries remains large.

在全球化日益深入发展的今天，各国相互依存日益紧密，一荣俱荣，一损俱损，正成为命运共同体。各国办好自己的事，就是对地区和平、发展和安全的重大贡献。我认为，只有开放包容，相互尊重，加强合作，各国才能实现安全与发展的良性循环，携手营造和谐稳定的安全环境。

As globalization deepens, countries are more closely inter-connected than ever before, becoming a community of common destiny. As a general rule, if every country can manage its own affairs well, that would be a big contribution to regional peace, development and security.

In my humble submission, only with openness, inclusiveness, mutual respect and cooperation can countries achieve security and development, and create a harmonious environment for regional security.

针对已经发生重大变化的世界形势，上世纪90年代以来，中国在逐步深入参与地区安全合作的进程中，提出了“新安全观”理念。我们不认同基于零和博弈、武力争霸、强权政治的旧安全观，主张各国共同努力，培育以互信、互利、平等、协作为特征的新安全理念，倡导全面安全、合作安全、共同安全。简言之，就是3C安全观（Comprehensive security, Cooperative security, Common security）。

China put forward a concept of New Approach to Security in the 1990s. We don’t believe in the old security concept based on zero-sum game, military hegemony and power politics.

Countries should follow a new approach to security based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and collaboration. This can be called the 3C security approach, namely comprehensive security, cooperative security and common security.

全面安全是指安全是全方位的，具有很强的关联性。安全不仅包括军事安全，也包括经济安全、金融安全、粮食安全等。在自然灾害、跨国犯罪等综合性和跨国性安全挑战面前，任何国家都难以独善其身，解决这些问题必须综合施策。

Comprehensive security means that security is multi-faceted and interconnected. It includes not just military security, but also economic security, financial security and food security. Comprehensive challenges require comprehensive solutions. And no country can cope alone.

合作安全是指安全需要通过合作来实现。各方都要平等参与，以和平、合作的方式处理分歧。李克强总理不久前出席东亚峰会时，用“一把筷子捆在一起不容易折断”的比喻说明合作安全的重要性。每个国家都对地区安全负有责任，都应承担应有的义务。

Cooperative security means that security should be realized through cooperation and equal participation of all relevant parties. Disputes should be solved in a peaceful and cooperative manner.

At the recent EAS, Premier Li Keqiang used chopsticks as an example to show the importance of cooperative security. He said, one can’t break the chopsticks if you bundle many of them together. His message is that every country has a responsibility for regional security.

共同安全是指安全是所有相关方的共享安全，不能追求一国的绝对安全，或将一国的安全建立在损害他国安全的基础上。应承认安全关切的多样性，在实现自身安全利益的同时要认真考虑对方的安全关切。以东北亚为例，东北亚的安全应是涵盖所有地区国家的安全，应建立让主要当事国都平等参与的次区域安全机制，否则难以实现真正安全。

Common security means security for all. No country should seek absolute security for itself or its own security at the cost of others. Countries should consider the security concerns of other countries while seeking its own security.

习近平主席在今年博鳌亚洲论坛演讲中说到，和平犹如空气和阳光，受益而不觉，失之则难存。亚洲和平稳定的大环境来之不易，我们应如何维护和促进亚洲的安全？从新安全观出发，中方主张从以下方面努力实现地区安全。

For instance, true security in Northeast Asia can only be achieved with a sub-regional security mechanism ensuring the security of all relevant countries.

In his address to this year’s Boao Forum for Asia, President Xi Jinping said peace is just like air and sunshine. One hardly notices them, yet none can live without them. The peaceful and stable environment in Asia has not come easily.

What should we do to maintain and promote security in Asia? Following the new security approach, China believes that the efforts should be made in the following areas.

第一，推动地区经济一体化是维护亚洲安全的重要基础。发展与安全联系紧密，相互促进。没有安全，发展就没有坚实的基础。没有发展，安全就如无本之木。对于很多国家来说，发展就是最大的安全。亚洲在经济合作方面已有比较完善的框架安排，东盟与对话伙伴（10+1）、东盟与中日韩（10+3）合作等蓬勃开展，“区域全面经济伙伴关系”（RCEP）、中日韩等自贸区谈判不断推进，金融和互联互通等合作迈出坚实步伐。我们应继续推动区域合作深入发展，拉紧各国利益纽带，为亚洲的共同发展与繁荣不懈努力。

Firstly, promoting regional economic integration is the foundation for Asian security. Development and security are mutually reinforcing. We cannot achieve one without the other. For many countries, development is also the biggest security interest.

Asia has a sound framework for economic cooperation. we have 10+1 and 10+3 cooperation. RCEP and China-Japan-Korea FTA negotiations are making progress. We should continue to strengthen the bond of shared interests among countries through regional cooperation, and make efforts for the common development and prosperity of Asia.

第二，大国良性互动是维护亚洲安全的根本保障。大国如何相处对维护地区和平与发展至关重要。大国应客观理性看待对方战略意图，抛弃冷战思维，相互尊重对方利益和关切，合作应对全球挑战。这是地区国家的期待，也是大国的责任。

Secondly, good relations among major countries are a crucial factor for Asian security. They should be rational in judging each other’s strategic motives, respect each other’s interests and concerns, and work together to tackle global challenges.

第三，完善现有地区多边机制是维护亚洲安全的重要途径。我们应坚持多边主义，反对单边主义，东盟地区论坛、东盟防长扩大会、东亚峰会等机制包容性强，在推动非传统安全务实合作方面取得了不少积极成果，日益受到各方重视与认可，应不断完善自身机制建设，在推动地区非传统安全合作方面发挥更大作用。

Thirdly, existing regional mechanisms provides an important channel for promoting Asian security. We should adhere to multilateralism and oppose unilateralism. Regional mechanisms such as ARF, ADMM Plus and EAS are highly active and inclusive. They should play a bigger role in promoting regional non-traditional security cooperation.

第四，培育亚洲安全新架构是维护亚洲安全的必要环节。各方越来越认识到，安全合作长期滞后于经济合作不利于亚洲的长远稳定发展，建立一个符合地区实际、满足各方需要的区域安全架构势在必行。俄罗斯、印尼等国分别提出签署亚太安全合作原则宣言、印太友好合作条约等倡议，一些学者也提出了“共生安全秩序”（consociational security order）等理念，这些都是对区域安全架构的有益探讨。中方认为，这一架构应建立在新安全观基础上，应有利于促进地区经济合作和安全合作两轮驱动。当然，新架构的建立必然是渐进的过程，应遵循协商一致、不干涉内政，照顾各方舒适度等原则，从具体功能性合作入手，使各方逐步积累相互信任和舒适度。

Fourthly, fostering a new security architecture is a necessary part of promoting Asian security. There is a growing awareness that security cooperation in our region has lagged far behind economic cooperation. This is not in the interest of Asia’s long term development. A regional security architecture that works well for the region and caters to the needs of all parties should be established.

Russia and Indonesia came up with proposals such as signing a principle declaration for Asia-Pacific security cooperation and an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Amity and Cooperation. Some scholars also proposed the concept of Consociational Security Order in the Asia Pacific. All these are useful ideas.

女士们，先生们，

Ladies and gentlemen,

近年来，中国的发展壮大已成为牵动地区形势发展演变的重要因素和各方关注的焦点。中国将如何使用不断增长的实力？中国将在亚洲发挥什么样的作用？

In recent years, the development of China has become an important factor and the focus of attention in the evolving situation in the region. How will China use its growing strength, what role will China play in Asia?

在座的很多是周边国家的学者，对中国的内外政策有着深入的了解和研究。应当看到，中国仍是一个发展中大国，国内改革、发展和稳定的任务十分繁重。在可预见的将来，中国最大的关注和利益在于发展自己。我们将按照不久前召开的十八届三中全会所描绘的改革、开放和发展宏图，努力建立惠及13亿人口的全面小康社会，实现“两个百年”宏伟目标。中国是在现行国际秩序中发展起来的，维护现有秩序的稳定性，逐步推动其更新和改革，符合中国自身利益，也符合地区各利益攸关方的利益。

Many of you come from China’s neighbouring countries and have a good understanding of China’s domestic and foreign policies. China still sees itself as a developing country. For many years to come, the issue at the very top of China’s policy agenda remains achieving its own development. Our focus will be on implementing the program of reform, opening-up and development drawn up at the recent 3rd Plenum of the 18th CPC Central Committee, to build a moderately prosperous society for 1.3 billion Chinese people.

China has achieved development under the current international order. To keep the order stable, and renew and reform it gradually serves China’s interests as well as those of other stakeholders in the region.

不久前，中国召开了周边外交工作座谈会。习主席提出了“亲、诚、惠、容”的周边外交新理念，重申中国将继续坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的周边外交方针，继续走和平发展道路，使中国的发展更多惠及周边国家。

Not long ago, at a conference on neighborhood diplomacy, President Xi Jinping used four phrases to describe China’s neighboring policy. They are: closeness, sincerity, sharing in prosperity, and accepting differences, or inclusiveness. He reiterated that China remains committed to developing friendship and partnerships with its neighbors. China’s development will bring more benefit to our neighbors.

中国将继续深化与亚洲国家的经贸和人文联系。2012年，中国对亚洲非金融类投资近550亿美元，占中国对外投资总额的70%以上。今年以来，中国领导人密集出访周边国家，提出了一系列重大合作倡议，包括打造“丝绸之路经济带”和21世纪“海上丝绸之路”、倡议设立亚洲基础设施投资银行、推进中国-东盟战略伙伴关系的“2+7合作框架”、建设孟中印缅经济走廊、中巴经济走廊等，得到了亚洲国家的积极响应。亚洲经济一体化即将进入大发展、大繁荣的新时期，中国将在其中发挥更大、更积极的作用。

China will continue to deepen economic, trade and people-to-people links with Asian countries. In 2012, China’s FDI in Asia amounted to nearly 55 billion USD, accounting for more than 70% of China’s total overseas investment.

This year, China proposed many new proposals on cooperation projects with our neighbors, such as the Silk Road Economic Belt, the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, the establishment of an Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, the China-ASEAN community of common destiny, the 2+7 cooperation framework to enhance China ASEAN strategic partnership, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor, the China-Pakistan economic corridor, etc.

The economic integration of Asia is set to enter a new era of fast development, and China will only play a bigger role in it.

中国将继续坚定推动构建新型大国关系。习近平主席上任后首访就选择俄罗斯，两国元首重申致力于在亚太地区构筑安全和可持续发展的格局。中俄全面战略协作伙伴关系成为良好大国关系的典范。

China is firmly committed to building a new type of major country relationship. Russia was the first country President Xi Jinping visited after he took office. The two sides reaffirmed their endeavors to build a secure and sustainable future for the Asia Pacific region. The China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership has set an example for good relations between major countries.

中美在维护亚太发展和安全方面有着广泛共同利益，双方一致同意构建新型大国关系，承诺不冲突不对抗，相互尊重彼此的核心利益和重大关切，积极拓展各领域务实合作，共同促进亚太地区及全球的和平、稳定与发展。当然，这项事业前无古人，不会一帆风顺。两国应培育互信，真诚合作，避免走大国对抗冲突的老路。这不仅符合两国自身利益，也符合地区国家的期待。明天起，美国副总统拜登将来华访问。两国领导人将就双边关系、亚太和全球合作等广泛议题交换意见。我们期待此访为构筑中美新型大国关系做出贡献。

China and the United States have broad common interests in maintaining development and security in the Asia-Pacific. The two countries agreed to build a new type of major country relationship. In our understanding, the core principles of this relationship are: no conflict or confrontation, mutual respect for core interests and major concerns, and closer cooperation for peace, stability and development of the Asia-Pacific and the world at large.

Naturally, such a new type of relationship will not be plain sailing. We owe it to ourselves and to the region to avoid the historical trap of major power conflict. Tomorrow, Vice President Biden of the United States will start his visit to China. We hope this visit will contribute to greater mutual understanding and cooperation between the two countries.

中国将继续坚定支持东盟共同体建设，支持东盟在区域合作中发挥核心作用。中国是首个签署《东南亚和平友好条约》的域外国家，首个与东盟建立战略伙伴关系的大国。习主席访问东南亚国家期间，提出愿与东盟国家商谈缔结中国—东盟睦邻友好合作条约，建设中国—东盟命运共同体。这是中方着眼于新形势下实质性提升双方关系的重大战略倡议，期待早日与东盟启动相关磋商。

China will continue to firmly support ASEAN community building and ASEAN centrality in regional cooperation. China is the first outside country to sign the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and the first major country to establish a strategic partnership with ASEAN. During his visit to Southeast Asia, President Xi Jinping stated China’s readiness to conclude a China-ASEAN Treaty of Good-neighborliness and Cooperation. This is a strategic initiative by China to upgrade the China-ASEAN partnership. We look forward to early discussions on the treaty.

中国将继续妥善处理同有关国家的领土和海洋权益争议。中方致力于维护南海和平稳定的基本方向不变，致力于同直接当事国通过友好协商谈判和平解决有关争议的政策主张不变。中国和东盟国家正在共同努力，全面有效落实《南海各方行为宣言》，积极稳妥推进“南海行为准则”制定进程。中方一贯主张在争议解决前，可搁置争议、共同开发，并同有关国家就共同开发达成了初步共识。中国还出资30亿元人民币设立中国—东盟海上合作基金，并已规划首批合作项目。在领土和海洋权益争端问题上，中国从未主动挑衅，中国的原则和底线也不容挑衅。

China will continue to properly handle disputes over territory and maritime rights and interests. Our position of upholding peace and stability and working for negotiated solutions with countries directly involved remains unchanged. China and ASEAN countries are making joint efforts to implement the DOC comprehensively and effectively and will push forward COC discussions in a positive and prudent manner.

We stand for shelving disputes and seeking joint development. And we have reached initial understanding on joint development with some countries. We are also working with ASEAN countries on putting to use the China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund. On issues of territorial sovereignty and maritime interests, China does not believe in provoking others. Nor would we allow provocation against China’s principles and bottom line.

在钓鱼岛问题上，中方有关行动完全是为行使主权和管辖权而采取的正当举措，不应被视作改变现状。中国划设东海防空识别区符合国际法和国际惯例。上世纪50年代以来，包括美国、日本、韩国等在内的20多个国家划设了自己的防空识别区。至于中日两国防空识别区重叠空域的飞行安全问题，双方应该也完全可以加强对话沟通，共同努力维护飞行安全，避免意外事件的发生。我们希望有关国家不要对中国的东海防空识别区做过度解读和过度反应。

On the issue of Diaoyu Islands, China’s activities in the area is the legitimate exercise of its jurisdiction on these islands and should not be seen as an attempt to change the status quo. China’s establishment of the Air Defense Identification Zone in the East China Sea is consistent with international law and international practice. More than 20 countries including the United States and Japan have established their own ADIZs since the 1950s. As for the issue of aviation safety in the overlapping areas, China and Japan can and should strengthen dialogue and communication to ensure aviation safety and avoid accidents. We hope that relevant countries will not read too much and not overreact to China’s ADIZ in the East China Sea.

中国将继续致力于地区热点问题的解决。我们将坚定不移地推进朝鲜半岛无核化进程，衷心希望各方相向而行，争取早日重启六方会谈，让朝核问题重回谈判轨道。中国支持阿富汗推进广泛和包容性的民族和解，积极参与阿富汗和平重建，积极参与涉阿地区合作。中国将于2014年承办阿富汗问题伊斯坦布尔进程第四次外长会，为促进阿富汗和南亚地区的和平与发展做出更大贡献。

China will continue to work for the solution of hotspot issues in Asia. We will firmly push forward the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. We sincerely hope that the relevant parties will move in the same direction and make effort to resume the Six Party Talks to bring the issue back to the track of negotiations.

China supports national reconciliation in Afghanistan. We have actively participated in the peace and reconstruction process and regional cooperation concerning Afghanistan. We will host the Fourth Foreign Ministers’ Conference of the Istanbul process on Afghanistan in 2014.

中国将继续做东盟主导的多边安全机制的推动者和建设者，积极推动相关框架下的合作不断取得新进展。中国将承担更多国际地区安全责任，为亚洲乃至世界提供更多公共安全产品。中国是联合国五常中派出维和人员最多的国家。2008年以来，中国海军已向亚丁湾和西印度洋海域派遣15批舰艇编队执行护航任务，被护船舶中一半是包括亚洲国家在内的外国商船。作为海上航道主要使用国之一，中国愿与各国积极探讨在相关海域开展航道安全合作，并为此承担应尽的责任。菲律宾近期遭受超强台风海燕袭击，造成重大人员伤亡。中国向菲方提供了现汇和物资援助，还派出医疗队和“和平方舟”号医院船前往菲参与救助。菲律宾风灾救灾行动凸显出尽快建立地区救灾合作机制的重要性和紧迫性。中方愿为促进地区国家灾害管理能力建设做出更大贡献。我们将同马来西亚一道，办好东盟地区论坛2015年救灾演习。

China will continue to be an active player and contributor at regional security mechanisms under ASEAN. China will take on more responsibility for regional and global security and provide more public security goods to Asia and the world at large.

Over the past years, China has sent 15 naval fleets to the Gulf of Aden and the West Indian Ocean for escort missions to merchant ships. Half of the ships escorted have been from foreign countries. As a main user of sea lanes, China is ready to contribute its share to maintaining security of sea lanes in relevant seas and oceans.

The recent super typhoon of Haiyan hit the Philippines most seriously. In addition to assistance provided in cash and in kind, China sent medical teams and the Hospital Ship "Peace Ark" to the country to join in the relief effort. The disaster relief in the Philippines once again reminded us of the need to articulate a regional mechanism for disaster relief. We are ready to make greater contribution to the capacity building on disaster management in our region. We will work together with Malaysia to host the ARF Disaster Relief Exercise in 2015.

女士们、先生们：

Ladies and gentlemen,

多年来，CSCAP作为亚太地区有重要影响力的安全智库网络，为促进亚太国家间安全对话与合作做出了积极贡献。期待各位专家学者再接再厉，以开放创新的思维积极探索和研究亚洲面临的安全挑战，为促进地区安全合作提供更多高质量的智力支撑。希望本次会议能在这方面取得积极成果。

Over the years, as an influential think tank on security in the Asia-Pacific, CSCAP has made positive contribution to security dialogue and cooperation in our region. I hope you will keep up your good work, approach security issues in Asia with open and creative thinking, and provide more ideas and support to regional security cooperation.

谢谢大家！下面，我愿意回答各位的提问。

Thank you very much for your attention. Now, I am ready to take your questions.

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