2002年硕士入学考试英语阅读真题附答案详解:TEXT2
日期:2014-05-16 17:10

(单词翻译:单击)

真题训练

2002 Text 2
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.


46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________.
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________.
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________.
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery
[B] interact with human beings verbally
[C] have a little common sense
[D] respond independently to a changing world
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________.
[A] make a few decisions for themselves
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention
[C] improve factory environments
[D] cultivate human creativity
50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________.
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information
[D] best used in a controlled environment

难句解析


难句解析:
①Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
▲该句是一个复杂单句,前面是since引导的一个时间状语,这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思,表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。
△本句结构比较简明,但是有一些词的意思比较难:ingenuity创造性,灵活性;nasty讨厌的。
②As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
▲本句的主句是the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos,后面是两个定语从句,中间用but来引导。
△要看懂本句,重点在于看到gizmo一词后面的两个定语从句。在本句中,认不认识gizmo并不重要,因为从上下文中可以看出它和robot的意思应该大同小异。
③There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
▲该句是一个there be的结构,注意robot systems后面有一个修饰它的定语从句。而后面的破折号引出一个补充说明部分来修饰submillimeter accuracy。
△注意该句中的最核心的部分是robot systems,其它成分都是围绕着它来展开的。
④But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge.
▲整句是一个条件句,注意后面的主句比较复杂,里面有两个并列的谓语,而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分,修饰整个主句。
△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系。
⑤But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
▲整句的主干部分是这样的,主语the human mind,并列谓语glimpse和disregard,逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分做状语,修饰谓语。
△要注意两个并列谓语之间的关系并抓住句子的主干成分。
试题解析


试题解析:
46. [C]
此题的难度合适0.573,区分度好。
本题是一个局部题,主要考查考生是否看懂了第一段,尤其是文章首句的意思。文章在首句指出了人们为了要处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作而进行某些智慧性的发明。这句话换个意思就是说人们在一些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作中体现出了他们的智慧。因此联系C选项:发明针对困难和危险工作的工具。入选。
A选项意为:使用机器来产生科幻小说。这个就搞笑了,原文在第一段最后一句提到了science fiction,但是这句话的意思是科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想,而不是用机器去产生小说。这属于偷换概念,排除。
B选项意为:机器在制造工业上的广泛应用。这个在原文没有体现,故不能入选。准确讲这个也是答非所问。
D选项意为:精英们用来做危险和枯燥工作的巧妙工具。这个选项比较有迷惑性,里面也涉及了危险等关键词语。但是请注意,原文没有涉及到elite这个词,因此该选项属于过分缩小范围,不能入选。
47. [C]
此题偏易0.701,区分度很好0.364。
本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的“robot assembly arms”,“automated teller terminals”,“tireless robo-drivers”等信息,而且先后出现了tools,machines之类的关键词。因此考生可以猜出“gizmos”是“设备、装置”的意思。联系C选项:设备。入选。
A选项(节目,程序),B选项(专家),D选项(创造物)均不合题意。
48. [D]
此题的难度合适0.546,区分度很好0.445。
题目问:目前人类还有什么样的机器人设计不了呢?本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话,即“we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”该句中的“dynamic”就是“动态的、变化的”意思。同时定位到第三段的首句:goals that pose a real challenge.其实这个说法就是题目中的what is beyond man's ability now,都是要超越自我的意思。也就是说,原文所说的be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves(独立自我判断),是人们要迎接的新的挑战,换句话也就是说人们目前没法做到这点。因此联系D选项:独立的应对环境变化,入选。
A选项意为:完成如脑部外科手术这样精细的工作。原文第二段末句there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery中明确说明,已经有能够完成脑部外科手术的机器人了。而题目中问的是目前人们不能完成的机器人。因此排除该选项。
B选项意为:与人们进行口头交流。这个在原文中没有提及,尽管常识角度上讲应该有这种机器人,所以该选项在原文没有确凿根据,故不能入选。
C选项意为:有一点共同感。原文在第三段末句中提到we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense'.乍一看符合题目的要求,但是仔细揣度一下,C选项的意思是人们没法给予机器人一点共同感。而原文的意思则是:人们没法给予机器人足够的共同感。这明显不是一个意思,因此该选项排除。
49. [B]
此题的难度合适0.641,区分度好0.268。
本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话,即“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,”即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话,这道题就很容易了。同时定位到第三段的第二句:how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,以及第五段的第二句:robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel,均可以看出,机器人能够在人的指导下处理一下错误。联系B选项:在人的指导下处理差错。入选。
A选项意为:做一些自我决定。这个请参加48题,目前的机器人是无法做出自我判断的。因此排除该选项。
C选项意为:改善工厂的环境。原文末段的第二句话提到了工厂环境这个词,但是请注意原文说的是他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差,而没有说是机器人去改善工厂环境。因此排除该选项。
D选项意为:培养人类的创造力。这个在常识上就属于无稽之谈了,机器人体现人们的创造力还差不多,培养人们创造力就扯了….
50. [C]
此题属于很容易的题目0.882,区分度好0.292。
本题考的是文章最后一段的意思。该段的主要意思是:机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题,而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息,而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来,这是先进的机器人都做不到的。因此只要读懂了最后一段以及该题目的题干,这个题就很容易做了。联系C选项:比起人类大脑来说对于聚焦相关信息的能力还差的远。入选。
A选项意为:期待能在内部结构上与人类大脑相同。这个表面看上去有道理,但是题目问的是提到猴子的目的是什么,因此和人类大脑没关系。所以排除该选项。
B选项意为:立刻能察觉到异常情况。这个与原文本意相反,原文是说机器人在反应异常变化的能力上还差的远。因此排除。
D选项意为:在受控环境下能被最好的利用。这个还是在文章末段的第二句有相关词汇,但是也是无从谈起,没有根据,因此排除。
全文翻译


全文翻译:
从人类最初有了智慧至今,人们一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种不得已的行为导致了机器人科学的产生——一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想,那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。
由此引起的结果是,现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏;我们的金融服务完成于自动柜员机旁,完成业务后,它们还会机械地、有礼貌地感谢我们;我们的地铁车辆由不知疲倦的机器人驾驶。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。
但是如果机器人要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,他们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地做一些决定。这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误,”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维•拉维里说,“我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识’,使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。”
实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年。
在试图建造思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想像的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也比以前想像的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,迅速排除98%的不相干的物体,立即聚焦于森林中婉蜒道路旁的一只猴子,或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统也不能仿效这种能力,并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。

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重点单词
  • scenen. 场,景,情景
  • talentedadj. 有才能的,有天赋的
  • performv. 执行,运转,举行,表演
  • approachn. 接近; 途径,方法 v. 靠近,接近,动手处理
  • populatedadj. 粒子数增加的 v. 居住于…中;构成…的人口(
  • inventionn. 发明,发明物,虚构,虚构物
  • extendv. 扩充,延伸,伸展,扩展
  • artificialadj. 人造的,虚伪的,武断的
  • fictionn. 虚构,杜撰,小说
  • boringadj. 令人厌烦的