翻译真题

Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual.

First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals----the average scientist for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts", as Emersion would say, "is something else."

真题解析
解析：
(46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.
结构分析：
主句I shall define him as an individual 定语从句//who has elected 宾语补足语//as his primary duty and pleasure in life 宾语//the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems.
词义推敲：
define …as… 把…定义为…
elected… as… 选择…作为…
his primary duty and pleasure in life 生命中主要的责任和乐趣
n Socratic（苏格拉底）way 用苏格拉底的方式
moral problems 道德问题
参考译文：
1、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。
2、我把知识分子定义为这样的个体，他把用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为自己的主要责任与乐趣。
得分重点：
固定短语，宾语从句，宾语后置

(47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
结构分析：
主句//His function is analogous to that of a judge，定语从句//who must accept the obligation of revealing方式状语// in as obvious a matter as possible //the course of reasoning 定语从句//which led him to his decision.
词义推敲：
Analogous 类似的, 相似的, 可比拟的
be analogous to 类似于..., 与...相似
accept the obligation：接受这个义务，就是有义务。
Reveal 展现, 显示, 揭示, 暴露
in as obvious a manner as possible=in a obvious manner. As …as possible
lead …to… 把…引向…
参考译文：　　
知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。
得分重点：
固定短语，定语从句，方式状语

(48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
结构分析：
主句I have excluded him // 原因状语从句//because，让步状语从句//while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems， 转折//he has not been charged with the task //of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
词义推敲：
exclude 拒绝接纳, 把...排除在外, 排斥
contribute to 有助于
the solution of moral problems 道德问题的解决，解决道德问题
been charged with 承担、负责
not any but =nothing but=only 只，仅仅是
the factual aspects of those problems 那些问题的事实方面/层面
参考译文：
我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。
得分重点：
原因状语从句，让步状语从句，固定短语

（49）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
结构分析：
主句//But his primary task is not to think about the moral code 定语从句//which governs his activity，比较结构// any more than //a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration |of rules of conduct in business.
词义推敲：
moral code译为：道德准则/道德标准
dedicate to表示致力于
exploration是开发探索之意，翻译时需要做一点调整
an exploration |of rules of conduct in business 多重后置定语——后浪推前浪，我们翻译为：对于商业行为规则的探索。
参考译文：
但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。
得分重点：
固定短语，定语从句，比较结构，多重后置定语

(50) They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries ,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
结构分析：
主句They may teach very well，比较结构// and more than earn their salaries，转折关系//but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems定语从句 //which involve moral judgment.
词义推敲：
more than more than 后面跟名词和动词，我们翻译为不仅仅/不只是
make reflections on 对…进行反思/思考
little or no 很少或是没有
moral judgment 道德评判/判断
参考译文
教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅为了赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。
得分重点：
比较结构，固定短语，定语从句

全文译文

美国的知识分子被他们的所在社会拒绝并不认为是社会组成的一部分，这一情况属实么？我将暗示一下这不是真实的情况。当父亲Bruckbergen观察发现正是知识分子自己拒绝了美国，他揭露了一部分真相。但是，他们所做的不仅限于此。他们逐渐对知识分子的角色感到不满。正是他们自身，而不是美国，变为了反知识分子。

首先，我们的研究目标是来力求一个定义。什么是知识分子？(46)我把知识分子定义为这样的个体：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。他首先提出实际问题，然后提出道德层面上的问题，最后提出看起来和他所获得的实际和道德信息相符合的行动建议。通过这一系列行为来清晰明了真实地探究此类问题。(47)知识分子的作用与法官的作用类似，后者必须承担用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程的责任。

该定义排除了多个通常被称为知识分子的个体――对于个人而言是普通的科学家。(48)我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为虽然他的成就有助于解决道德问题，但是他只是触及了这些问题的事实方面。和其他人类一样，即使在日常例行职责的表现中也会遇到道德问题――人们并不会要求他可以烹饪实验，加工事实或医治报告。(49)但是普通科学家的主要任务并非是思考约束其行为的道德准则，这正如人们不期望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。在其大部分的人生中，他将认同他的行为准则，正如商人认同商人的道德规范。

该定义同样排除了多数教师，尽管事实上，教育是许多知识分子用来谋生的传统方法。(50)教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但是大部分教师对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。大部分著名学者甚至都符合这一描述。在人类知识的某一分支是专家是一回事；而生活在如爱默生过去常提到的“公共而勤勉的想法”之中又是另外一回事。